The oldest professions in the world are agriculture and
prostitution. An old and related crime to prostitution is rape.
Today, rape is so prevalent in our society that no country, race or
religion has been able to check it.
Before the advent of modern society, the definition of rape
differed from one society to the other so also the punishment for
rape. With the advent of modern society, rape has been codified
into written laws, in Nigeria, the Penal Code for the North and
Criminal Code Act for the South.
The relevant sections in the two laws dealing with rape are
Sections 357 and 358 of the Criminal Code Act which read as
follows:
Any person who has unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman or girl
without her consent, or with her consent, if the consent is
obtained by force or by means of threats or intimidation of any
kind, or by fear of harm, or by means of false and fraudulent
representation as to the nature of the act, or in the case of a
married woman, by personating her husband is guilty of an offence
which is called rape.
3 Any person who commits the offence of rape is liable to
imprisonment for life with or without canning.
The Violence Against Persons Act has provided stiff punishment for
rapists which will have a great deterrent effect. It is a welcomed
law at a time when rape is increasing worldwide.
Subsection (3) of the VAPP Act mandates convicting courts to
award compensation to victims by using the word “shall”.
Compensation is normally awarded to a victim of crime when asked by
the victim after conviction because compensation may or may not be
required by a victim. Courts do not award what is not asked by a
party because courts are not charitable houses.
Subsection (4) of the Act mandates courts to maintain register
of convicted criminals which shall be accessible to the public. The
convict has the right to appeal and such conviction can be set
aside on appeal. To publish the name of a rapist in the register of
rapists, and such a conviction is set aside on appeal can be
problematic. Can such a successful appellant demand that his name
on the register be rectified as an appellate court has cleared him
of being a rapist?
What is rape? Rape in legal parlance means a forcible sexual
intercourse with a girl or woman without her giving consent to it.
The most important and essential ingredient of the offence is
penetration and consent of the victim is a complete defence to the
offence.
It was thus held again by courts that for a prosecution to
succeed in a rape case, he must prove lack of consent on the part
of the prosecutrix Afor Lucky vs The State 2016 26 WRN 41 at 75 –
76 as follows:
a) the appellant had unlawful carnal knowledge with the
prosecutrix
b) intercourse occurred without the consent of the prosecutrix
The second ingredient to be proved in a rape case is penetration.
By penetration, it means the entry of the penis into the
prosecutrix vagina Edet Okon Iko vs The State 2001 7 SCNJ 380 at
391 where it was held by courts as: Sexual intercourse is deemed
complete upon proof of penetration of the penis into the
vagina.
Rape is the penetration of the sexual organ of a prosecutrix an
impotent male or a male with flaccid penis therefore cannot commit
rape R vs Anolue 1983 1 NCR 71. “As to potency, the accused never
claimed that he was impotent” The State vs Daniel Koha 1985 – 86
BoLR 382. In a rape case, emission, ejaculation or rupture of the
hymen is not a necessary ingredient Posu vs The State 2011 2 NMLR
134.
Bruises seen at the entry of the vagina of a prosecutrix is
consistent with forceful insertion of a penis in the private part
of a prosecutrix Posu vs The State 2011 2 NMLR 134. When a
prosecutrix alleges that she was raped or defiled, and it was her
first time of having sexual intercourse, it is presumed the hymen
will be broken Olali vs N.A. 2016 4 NWLR (Pt 1502) 358.
Presence of seminal fluid in a vagina and fresh laceration of
her hymen is proof of penetration Ogunbayo vs The State 2008 All
FWLR (Pt 157) 1103.
In rape cases, the consent of a prosecutrix is the most crucial
element, because sexual intercourse between matured and mentally
capable parties is not a crime.
Sexual intercourse becomes rape only when the consent of a
prosecutrix is absent. A male who is reckless in assuming that a
female consented to sexual intercourse will be committing rape The
State vs Ojo 1980 2 Nigerian Criminal Reports 391 at 395. Thus, a
male must not be reckless in assuming that a prosecutrix consented
to a sexual intercourse.
What amounts to lack of consent of a female (the prosecutrix) in
sexual intercourse has been analyzed in the Criminal Code Act and
the Penal Code supra. At the onset, it is important to note that
the evidence required for defilement and rape are the same except
that in defilement, the age of the prosecutrix is immaterial
Adonike vs The State 2015 7 NWLR (Pt 1458) 237.
We will look into the lack of consent on the part of a
prosecutrix when she is under age. The Penal Code has categorically
stated that any female below the age of 14 years is incapable of
consenting to sexual intercourse S 282 (1) (e) of the Penal Code. A
female from the age of one (1) year to fourteen (14) years cannot
therefore give valid consent to sexual intercourse The State vs
Maigemu 1978 – 79 NNLR 177. In the case of Maigemu, the prosecutrix
was actually six years. The age of a prosecutrix who is alleged to
be under age at the time of committing rape must be strictly proved
The State vs Tieto Inko 1980 1 RSLR 49.
A female of the age of 13½ years is incapable of consenting to
sexual intercourse R vs Harling 1938 1 All E.L.R. 307 where it was
opined by the court as “A child of 13½ years, in the eyes of the
law cannot consent”. A female of twelve (12) years is too young to
consent to sexual intercourse R vs Cameroon 1965 – 69 9 WLR 51.
Mere proof that a prosecutrix is below the age consent, that is,
fourteen years and had sexual intercourse with a male is conclusive
rape R vs Harling 1938 2 All E.L.R. 307.
In law, “against her will” and “without her consent” means the
same thing at common law Corpus Juris Secundum page 462. Lack of
consent is the single most important factor in determining rape
Upar vs Uganda 1971 E.A. 98. The issue of lack of consent becomes
relevant when a prosecutrix is below the age of consent R vs
Cameroon 1965 – 6 9 WLR 51.
There is no hard and fast way of determining when a female of
age consent consented to sexual intercourse. However, injuries
found in a prosecutrix vagina is relevant in determining whether a
female consented to sexual intercourse Ramuno Ogabi vs The Republic
1965 NMLR 365. Consent required in rape cases must be real and
direct The State vs Blessing Ajulo 1989 1 CLRN 249.
Another situation which can arise in a rape case is when a male,
the accused person makes a prosecutrix drunk for the sole purpose
of making her resistance to sexual advances less. The substance
used as an intoxicant can be alcohol or any other form of
intoxicant. In The Queen vs William Complain 1843 – 6 4 Cox 22, the
rapist made the prosecutrix drunk and then raped her in her drunken
state. In Adamu vs The State 1979 2 C.A. 129, the accused person
rubbed a substance on the lips of the prosecutrix which made her
unconscious and then had sex with her. The accused was convicted
for rape but the conviction was set aside on appeal.
Another form of committing rape is when a prosecutrix was put in
physical fear of death or bodily hurt. It in effect it means the
prosecutrix consented to the sexual intercourse because of fear of
death or bodily harm. Sometimes, the prosecutrix is forcefully
coerced into submission by use of brutal force. In The State vs
Blessing Ajulo it was held as “The first prosecution witness gave
evidence that she was forced to submission. As the accused person
and two others over powered her before dragging her inside a house
within a compound. Thereafter, the accused threatened her with a
gun and knife which he had with him at the material time”. In
situations like this any so called consent on the part of the
prosecutrix is not proper because consent in sexual matters should
be devoid of threats or intimidation Edet Okon Iko vs The State
2001 7 SCNJ 380.
Another form of invalid consent on the part of a prosecutrix is
when a man pretends to be the husband of a woman and then have
sexual intercourse with her The State vs Muhammadu Haruna 1986 1
QLR 95 it was held as “A woman who surrender herself for sexual
intercourse with a man thinking the man is her husband commits no
crime, but the man knows her not to be his wife is guilty of
rape”.
When a doctor pretended to be performing operation on a female
but instead ended having intercourse with her amounted to rape Owen
Richard William 1924 17 Cr. Ap. R. 5 – 6.
Having sexual intercourse with an insane female amounts to rape
because an insane person cannot validly give consent to sex. This
equally applies to females who are weaklings Ronald Harding 1938 26
Cr. Ap. R 127.
It is worthy to note that at common law a male under the age of
fourteen cannot commit rape The Queen vs Waite 1892 2 Q.B. 601.
In cases of rape, a court does not convict on the uncorroborated
evidence of a prosecutrix. This may not be unconnected with the
fact that sexual intercourse does not take place before witnesses
and sometimes women when caught in the act of sexual intercourse
may feign rape even if they consented to it.
Corroboration in law means to confirm or give support to person,
statement or faith Edet Okon Iko vs The State 2001 7 SCNJ 380 at
391 “Corroboration in my view simply means “confirming or giving
support to” either a person, statement or faith”. Proof required to
convict an accused person in a rape case is not based on a solitary
evidence of a prosecutrix, there must be other corroborative
evidence Olali vs N.A. 2016 4 NWLR (Pt 1502) 358.
The purpose of corroboration is to confirm and support evidence
which is already satisfactory and credible D.P.P vs Hester 1972 Cr.
Ap. R 212 at 229. The corroborative evidence must link the rapist
with the rape charge Rex vs Mumuna 14 WACA 39 at 40.
One has to remember also that rape is a statutory offence as
seen in our criminal law as well as common law. At common law, a
male under the age of fourteen (14) years cannot commit rape The
Queen vs Waite 1892 2 Q.B. 601 where it was held by court as “The
rule at common law is clearly laid down by Lord Harles that in
regard to the offence of rape militia non supplet detatern a boy
under fourteen is under a physical incapacity to commit the
offence”. What the physical incapacity is has not been stated, is
it because his male organ cannot get erect so as to penetrate the
sexual organ of a prosecutrix?
Hue and Cry theory, developed in matters pertaining to rape in
early times. During this time morality was high in society so hue
and cry theory, developed implying that the prosecutrix resisted
the rape by “hue and cry” and show injuries to her body and damaged
clothes Rex vs William Henry Osborne 1905 1 K.B. 551 where it was
held as “it is in accordance with this view that in early times, it
was incumbent on the woman who brought an appeal to prove that
while the offence was recent she raised “hue and cry” in the
neighbouring towns and showed her injuries and clothing to men, and
that the appealed might raise as a defence the denial that she
raised the hue and cry”.
The hue and cry theory was a double edged sword in which a
prosecutrix must prove it to show that she resisted conversely a
defendant can raise it as a defence by proving the prosecutrix did
not raise it Rex vs William Henry Osborne supra.
In a trial for rape, an accused person must be proved to have
the requisite mens rea. By this, it means an accused person must
have intentionally committed the rape The State vs Ojo 1980 2 NCR
391 at 395 where the court held as “The accused must be proved to
have had the requisite mens rea, that is, intention to have
intercourse with a woman without her consent”. In other words, rape
cannot be committed accidentally.
Without mens rea proved, a charge of rape cannot stand Na’an
Upahar vs The State 2003 All FWLR (Pt 139) 1512 at 1527 where the
court held as “that the accused had the “mens rea” that is
intention to have sexual intercourse with the prosecutrix without
her consent…”
An accused person who was reckless so as to assume that a woman
had consented to sexual intercourse would be guilty of rape Na’an
Upahar vs The State 2003 All FWLR (Pt 139) 1512 where it was held
“That the accused had the mens rea… or that the accused acted
recklessly, not caring whether the prosecutrix consented or not.”
Whenever an accused person acted recklessly not caring to know
whether the prosecutrix consented to the sexual intercourse or not
commits rape The State vs Ojo 1980 2 NCR 391 at 395.
Justice Usman Bukar Bwala is a retired Chief Judge of
Borno State.
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