How To Prove Gifts In Nigeria

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Introduction:
If giving is a vital part of living, then, gifts are evidence of
life. In life and death, human beings offer gifts to themselves and
this has enormous legal implication. Gifts can be made orally or in
writing, however, it is common to find givers who deny their own
acts of giving. Also, you can find families/associates who deny the
gifts of their members as well as strangers who make claims to
property under gift. In this generation, there are too many cases
of ex-husbands recovering their gifts of expensive cars and
jewelries from their ex-wives. There are also cases of religious
followers seeking to recover their gifts from clergies and
religious organizations. For this and many more reasons, gifts may
end up as disputes in courts, during and even after the lives of
the purported givers and the receivers.

Hence, proving gifts has become an important skill in the
keeping, using and management of gifts. So, here is “How to Prove
Gifts in Nigeria. The steps/procedures shown below, are as
explained by the Supreme Court of Nigeria and the Court of Appeal
of Nigeria. The judgments of the Supreme Court of Nigeria are final
and unquestionable. Hence the position of the Supreme Court on this
issue are unquestionable. Gifts and making gifts are allowed in
Nigeria, so far as one does not gift a prohibited item or make gift
to influence the actions/inactions of public officers and other
regulated persons/event (like elections).

First of all, the Supreme Court of Nigeria, defined “GIFT Inter
Vivos” in these words; “A gift inter-vivos is an act whereby
something is voluntarily transferred from the true possessor to
another person with full intention that the thing shall not return
to the donor, and with the full intention on the part of the
receiver to retain the thing entirely as his own without restoring
it to the giver. See Halsbury’s Laws of England. 3rd Edition. vol.
18, page 364 at para 692. The essential thing to consider is that
the gift is complete when the donee has accepted it. If that
condition is satisfied the donor has no right to revoke the gift.
See Dewar v. Dewar (1975) 2 All E.R. 728 at 732.” Per UTHMAN
MOHAMMED ,J.S.C ( Pp. 23-24, paras. F-B ). Quotation from the case
of ANYAEGBUNAM v. OSAKA & ORS (2000) LPELR-508(SC). Click to access
my earlier works on gifts.

Proof of Gift and Proving a Gift:
It is the duty of a recipient/receiver (donee) of gift or his
beneficiary (dependents) to always prove that the receiver was
truly granted a gift and that the receiver truly accepted the gift.
Gifts are often sources of litigations, where the giver (donor) is
dead, insane or suddenly regretting his gifting. Whatever be the
case, there are ways to establish and proof that one was given a
gift. It may be by written documents (especially for lands in
cities or under statutory ownership) or by eye witnesses that were
present when a person received a gift (especially for lands in
rural places or under customary ownership). Below are the words of
Justices of appellate courts on this issue;

1. “The law is settled that a gift of interest on land must be
backed with written document or evidence of witnesses in cases of
customary law gift else, the gift when seriously challenged as its
validity devolves to the estate of the giver. It is duty of a
beneficiary of the gift to prove the existence of such gift
especially where the owner, who made such gift is dead and he is
survived by heirs who must inherit the property. Alienation or
transfer of interest absolute over a family land where the founder
is deceased cannot be valid unless done by the head of the family
with the consent of principal members of the family. See AGU V
ODOFIN (1992) 3SCNJ 161; AJIBADE V PEDRO (1992) 5 NWLR (PT. 241);
AMAKOR V OBIEFUNA (1997) ALL NLR 119.” Quotation is from the case
of CHIBUZOR & ANOR v. CHIBUZOR (2018) LPELR-46305(CA);
2. In recent case of 2020, the Supreme Court of Nigeria held that;
“The simple truth is that it was the said appellants who affirmed,
positively, that there was such a gift. They, thus, had the burden,
both on the pleadings and on the evidence, to prove their
assertion…The consequence is that, that claim of gift failed in the
absence of any credible evidence to sustain it…” Per CHIMA CENTUS
NWEZE ,J.S.C ( Pp. 61-63, paras. E-B ) Quotation from the case of
EKWEOZOR & ORS v. REG. TRUSTEES OF THE SAVIOUR’S APOSTOLIC CHURCH
OF NIG (2020) LPELR-49568(SC)
3. “A gift inter vivos must be made openly. There must be evidence
of actual handing over of the land and acceptance thereof in the
presence of witnesses under native law and custom. In Madam Alice
Orido v. Theophilus Akinlolu, CA/B/253/2004 delivered on 29th
March, 2012, Iyizoba JCA held as follows: “Customary law requires
no writing for the transfer of land whether upon sale or by way of
gift. In lieu of writing however, there must be actual handing over
of the land to the donee in the presence of witnesses and the
acceptance by him of the gift. Acceptance is as much as customary
law as the delivery of possession in the presence of witnesses;
without it the gift is invalid, such acceptance must be made with
as much publicity as possible….. Actual delivery is not mere
evidence of the gift but is part of the gift itself.” Quotation if
from the case of ENADEGHE v. EWEKA (2014) LPELR-24479(CA)
4. “Now, for the Respondent who relied on gift from his father of
the land in dispute, he carried the burden of proving by credible
evidence the following two essential facts, namely:(a) The fact of
the gift inter vivos to him by his father. (b) The title of his
father to the land in dispute which he transferred to him by gift
inter vivos.” Per BIOBELE ABRAHAM GEORGEWILL ,J.C.A ( P. 50, paras.
B-C ). Quotation is from the case of GABDO v. USMAN (2015)
LPELR-25678(CA)
5. “…In other words, where a Plaintiff had relied, as in the
instant case gift of the land inter vivos by his father, he must
first prove this fact of gift and the most crucial fact of title in
his father before he can rely on acts of ownership and possession.
In the event of failure to prove the root of title pleaded, the
Respondent cannot turn round to rely merely on acts of ownership
and possession, no matter how long…” Per BIOBELE ABRAHAM GEORGEWILL
,J.C.A ( Pp. 54-56, para. A). Quotation is from the case of GABDO
v. USMAN (2015) LPELR-25678(CA)
6. “None of the Plaintiff’s Witnesses witnessed the gift from Chief
Agunbiade to the Appellant’s father. There was no member of both
the Appellant’s family and the family of Chief Agunbiade who
witnessed this gift. It is true that a gift inter vivos like the
Appellant claimed is valid in all cases. However, the burden of
proving by credible evidence is on the Appellant who relies on the
gift. In GABO V USMAN (2015) LPELR 25678, the Court held that the
person who relies on such gift has to prove two (2) essential
facts, namely, the fact of the gift inter vivos to his father. (2)
the title of the donor to the land in dispute. See also ENADEGHE V
EWEKA (2014) LPELR 24479 where the Court held that: ‘A gift inter
vivos must be made openly. There must be evidence of actual handing
over of the land and acceptance thereof in the presence of
witnesses under native law and custom’.” Per UZO IFEYINWA
NDUKWE-ANYANWU, J.C.A ( Pp. 22-24, para. C ). Quotation from the
case of OLAJIDE v. AKINBOBOYE (2018) LPELR-46166(CA)
7. “The issue was dealt with by Professor Nwabueze in his book
“Nigerian Land Law” (1992) Nwamife Publishers Ltd, Enugu PP 367-369
referred to by learned counsel for the appellant at page 13 of his
brief of argument. The learned author observed:- “Customary law
requires no writing for the transfer of land whether upon sale or
by way of gift. In lieu of writing, however there must be actual
handing over of the land to the donee in the presence of witnesses
and an acceptance by him of the gift.” Per CHINWE EUGENIA IYIZOBA
,J.C.A ( Pp. 16-18, paras. A-C ). Quotation from ORIDO v. AKINLOLU
(2012) LPELR-7887(CA)
8. “It is clear therefore that to prove gift of land inter vivos,
there must be evidence of actual handing over of the land and
acceptance thereof in the presence of witnesses. See also Ayinke v.
Ibidunni (1959) 4 FSC 280 @ 282 where Ademola CJF observed:- “I
also find myself in agreement with the learned trial judge that
there are means whereby a man may dispose of certain properties
before his death in accordance with native law and custom. It is my
view that disposition of properties could be made under native law
and custom by a gift followed by a transfer of the property, or a
declaration by a man on his death bed in the presence of
witnesses.” (Underlining mine). The absence of writing in these
transactions under native law and custom make the presence of
witnesses to the transactions a necessity.” Per CHINWE EUGENIA
IYIZOBA ,J.C.A ( Pp. 16-18, paras. A-C ). Quotation from ORIDO v.
AKINLOLU (2012) LPELR-7887(CA)
9. “In the case of FOLARIN vs. DUROJAIYE (1988) NSCC 255 AT 265,
the Supreme Court, per OPUTA, JSC while, making as reference to
customary transfer, the sage said: “To transfer an absolute title
under customary law, it ought to be pleaded and proved that the
gift was made in the presence of witnesses. To that effect, names
of those witnesses should also be pleaded as well as the fact that
they witnessed the actual delivery or handing over of the land to
the purchaser or donee.” Per FREDERICK OZIAKPONO OHO ,J.C.AÂ ( Pp.
26-27, para. A ). Quotation from the case of EZENWORA & ORS v.
EZENWORA (2018) LPELR-43944(CA)
10. “…there was no clear-cut evidence that the alleged gift of the
property was made in the presence of witnesses to make it a
good/perfect and valid gift vide the cases of Ayinke v. Ibidunni
(1959) SCNLR 666 at 669, Orido v. Akinlolu (2012) 9 NWLR (pt. 1305)
370 at 387 to the effect that to prove a gift of property
inter-vivos there must be evidence of actual handing over of the
land or property or declaration of the gift by the owner of the
property and its acceptance thereof in the presence of witnesses.”
Per JOSEPH SHAGBAOR IKYEGH ,J.C.A ( P. 13, paras. D-F ). Quotation
from the case of DAVIES v. RAHMAN-DAVIES & ANOR (2018)
LPELR-46557(CA)

Conclusion:
With little or no reliable records across Nigeria, proving gifts
can be a daunting task. Hence there is an obvious need to learn and
understand how to establish the existence of gifts. Gifts once
accepted are gone and irredeemable, unless where the gift was made
out of force, fraud or for a limited period. However, it is the
duty of the recipient of a gift to prove that the gift was offered
to him and that he did accepted the gift. This can be proven
through documentary evidence (photos, emails, videos, WhatsApp
messages, oral recordings, deed of gift, letters and any other
permanently records”. Also, gift can be proven through the
testimonies of witnesses (persons that truly witnessed the giving
and not persons that merely heard about it). Inability to prove the
existence of gift may cost a recipient his gift.

My authorities, are:

1. Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the Constitution of the
Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999.
2. Sections 124 and 158 of the Electoral Act, 2010.
3. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on the meaning of
Gift Inter Vivos) in the case of ANYAEGBUNAM v. OSAKA & ORS (2000)
LPELR-508(SC)
4. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on the revocation
of Gift) in the case of IMAH & ANOR v. OKOGBE & ANOR (1993)
LPELR-1497(SC).
5. The Supreme Court’s decision (on effect of “Acceptance” to a
gift) in the case of ANYAEGBUNAM v. OSAKA & ORS (2000)
LPELR-508(SC)
6. The Supreme Court’s decision (on whether a gift can be rejected)
in the case of EBOSIE v. PHIL-EBOSIE & ORS (1976) LPELR-994(SC)
7. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on proving Gift)
in the case of EKWEOZOR & ORS v. REG. TRUSTEES OF THE SAVIOUR’S
APOSTOLIC CHURCH OF NIG (2020) LPELR-49568(SC)
8. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on proving Gift)
in the case of UGHUTEVBE v. SHONOWO & ANOR (2004)
LPELR-3317(SC)
9. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on proving Gift)
in the case of ANYAEGBUNAM v. OSAKA & ORS (2000) LPELR-508(SC)
10. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on proving Gift)
in the case of IMAH & ANOR v. OKOGBE & ANOR (1993)
LPELR-1497(SC)
11. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on proving Gift)
in the case of OKWUWA v. STATE (1964) LPELR-25195(SC)
12. The Court of Appeal’s decision (on meaning, nature and effect
of gift inter vivos) in the case of ABAH v. OGBE (2012)
LPELR-14842(CA)
13. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of CHIBUZOR & ANOR v. CHIBUZOR (2018) LPELR-46305(CA);
14. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of IGBOZURUIKE & ANOR v. ONUADOR (2015) LPELR-25530(CA)
15. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of ISIOHIA & ORS v. ELECHI (2018) LPELR-44988(CA)
16. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of DAVIES v. RAHMAN-DAVIES & ANOR (2018) LPELR-46557(CA)
17. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of ABAH v. OGBE (2012) LPELR-14842(CA)
18. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of JOVINCO NIGERIA LTD & ANOR v. IBEOZIMAKO (2014)
LPELR-23599(CA)
19. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of GABDO v. USMAN (2015) LPELR-25678(CA)
20. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of SAFETI & ORS v. SAFETI & ANOR (2006) LPELR-7579(CA)
21. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of ORIDO v. AKINLOLU (2012) LPELR-7887(CA)
22. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of ENADEGHE v. EWEKA (2014) LPELR-24479(CA)
23. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of OLAJIDE v. AKINBOBOYE (2018) LPELR-46166(CA)
24. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of EZENWORA & ORS v. EZENWORA (2018) LPELR-43944(CA)
25. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of DASHE & ORS v. JATAU & ORS (2016) LPELR-40180(CA)
26. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on proving Gift) in the
case of YESUFU & ORS v. OKE BAALE (OSOGBO) NUT CO-OPERATIVE
INVESTMENT AND CREDIT SOCIETY LTD & ANOR (2014) LPELR-22102(CA)
27. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on the revocation of Gift)
in the case of GABDO v. USMAN (2015) LPELR-25678(CA)
28. The judgment of the Court of Appeal (on the revocation of Gift)
in the case ofThe Court of Appeal’s decision in the case of ABAH v.
OGBE (2012) LPELR-14842(CA)
29. Onyekachi Umah, “Acceptance of Gift and Effect of Failure to
Accept Gift” (LearnNigerianLaws.com, 20 August 2020)
<https://learnnigerianlaws.com/acceptance-of-gift-and-effect-of-failure-to-accept-gift ^[1]/>
accessed 9 April 2021
30. ”Onyekachi Umah, “Who Can Make Gifts And What Are His Powers?”
(LearnNigerianLaws.com, 1 May 2020) <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/who-can-make-gifts-and-what-are-his-powers-daily-law-tips-tip-560-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/^[2]>
accessed 9 April 2021
31. Onyekachi Umah, “It Is An Offence To Give Gifts And Money For
Election In Any Part Of Nigeria”(LearnNigerianLaws.com, 21 February
2019) <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/daily-law-tips-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-tip-273-it-is-an-offence-to-give-gifts-and-money-for-election-in-any-part-of-nigeria/^[3]> accessed 9 April
2021
32. Onyekachi Umah, “Can An Inheritance Under A “Will” Be
Rejected?” (LearnNigerianLaws.com, 6 May 2020)
<https://learnnigerianlaws.com/can-an-inheritance-under-a-will-be-rejected-daily-law-tips-tip-563-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/^[4]>
accessed 9 April 2020)
33. Onyekachi Umah, “Abolishment Of Custom Where Daughters Are
Forced Not To Marry In Order To Perpetuate Their Fathers’ Lineages”
(LearnNigerianLaws.com, 12 March 2020) <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/abolishment-of-custom-where-daughters-are-forced-not-to-marry-in-order-to-perpetuate-their-fathers-lineages-daily-law-tips-tip-524-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/^[5]>
accessed 9 April 2021.

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My authorities, are:

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