Daily Law Tips (Tip 790) by Onyekachi Umah, Esq., LL.M,
ACIArb(UK)
![image](/2020/10/lawreport.jpg")
![image](/2021/05/tellcom-Esq.jpg")
Introduction:
BUA Group is a food and infrastructure conglomerate based in
Nigeria, owned by Nigerians and formed by Mr. Abdul Samad Rabiu in
1988. Dangote Group is the largest conglomerate in West Africa,
formed in 1981 by Mr. Aliko Dangote, having in investments in food
and shelter, among others. Both business entities have huge
investments in the Nigeria’s sugar industry. Relying on newspapers
reports, Mr. Aliko Dangote of Dangote Group and Mr. John
Coumantaros, Chairman of Nigeria Flour Mills Plc both signed and
sent a petition against BUA Group vide a letter dated 28 January
2021.
![image](/2021/01/payne-alex.jpg")
The petition was addressed to the Minister of Industry, Trade
and Investment, and it alleged that BUA Group was involved in
activities that are contrary to the National Sugar Master Plan
(NSMP) of the Federal Government of Nigeria. It was alleged in the
petition that BUA Group does not intend to invest on development of
sugar plantations, so as to qualify for raw sugar importation
quotas, rather that BUA Group plans to only import and refine raw
sugar through its new sugar refinery in Port Harcourt, Rivers
State. The petition led to several other letters and a shocking
allegation that Dangote Group was involved in price fixing and had
sought BUA Group to join the illicit exercise, but that the refusal
of BUA Group, prompted the petition of allegations of Dangote
Group. The allegation is weighty in a country with a competition
and consumer protection regulator. This work focuses on price
fixing and the powers of the Federal Competition and Consumer
Protection Commission (FCCPC) to ensure fair competition and the
expected interventions of FCCPC in the Dangote Sugar V. BUA Group
price fixing allegation.
Dangote Group, BUA Group and the Price Fixing
Allegation:
Following the petition of Dangote Group, the Minister of Industry,
Trade and Investment wrote BUA Group via a letter dated 10 February
2021 and requested that a response be sent to him on or before 19
February 2021. By a letter dated 11 February 2021, Mr. Abdul Samad
Rabiu of BUA Group responded to the letter of the Minister and
stated that the company was not in violation of the NSMP. He
further reiterated that the operations of the BUA Group were on the
approval of the President of Nigeria and that the petition of the
BUA Group’s competitors (Dangote Group and the Nigeria Flour Mills
Plc) was a challenge to the powers of the President of Nigeria. BUA
Group assured the Minister that its activities will rather save
Nigerians from price fixing and manipulations in the sugar sector;
“the only way it will affect Nigerians is that Nigerians will pay
lower prices for sugar …” and “where it is absolutely necessary- in
the face of arbitrary price increases and collusion to force
scarcity of the product locally.”
The response of BUA Group has been popularly interpreted to
insulate that the BUA Group’s competitors (Dangote Group and the
Nigeria Flour Mills Plc) may be involved in price fixing and
manipulation. Furthermore, according to RipplesNigeria, “Dangote
Sugar representative had allegedly approached BUA Sugar founder,
Abdulsamad Rabiu, to increase price of sugar during Ramadan last
year due to improved demand. Rabiu was allegedly asked to join
their plan to fix price of sugar. But BUA turned down the
suggestion, choosing to leave its price at the same rate. Prior to
Ramadan, the price was N13,000 per bag, but Dangote and one other
market competitor wanted the price increased to N30,000 per
bag.”
However, Dangote Group has since denied being involved in any
price fixing/manipulation, through Mr. Ravindra Singhvi (its Group
Managing Director), and confirmed that, “DSR does not engage in
artificial price manipulation of its products, either during the
Holy month of Ramadan or at any other time.” “We have never ever
increased price of our food items or commodities during the Holy
month of Ramadan in the history of our operations.”. So far, the is
no news or information about any investigation by Federal
Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) on the
allegation of price fixing in the sugar sector.
THE FCCPC and Price Fixing:
Although, it is in the news that both Aliko Dangote and Abdul Samad
Rabiu have reconciled their differences, through the intervention
of Mr. Abdullahi Umar Ganduje (Governor of Kano State), the legal
implications of their allegations and counter allegations have not
settled, rather they call out the Federal Competition and Consumer
Protection Commission (FCCPC) to play its statutory roles.
Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC)
is a federal agency established on 30 January 2019 to promote and
maintain competitive markets in the Nigerian economy. It has the
objective to prohibit restrictive and unfair business practices,
which prevent, restrict or distort competition or constitute an
abuse of a dominate position of the market power in Nigeria. It is
the apex consumer protection agency.
FCCPC is established by the Federal Competition and Consumer
Protection Act (FCCPA) and the FCCPA criminalizes all forms and
shades of unfair competition agreements in the Nigerian economy.
Specifically, section 59 of the FCCPA prohibits all agreements that
may actually or likely prevent, restrict or distort competition and
also declares all such agreement as invalid and void. For avoidance
of doubt, section 59 of the FCCPA went further to list out some
common anti-competition practises, like; fixing a purchase or
selling prices of goods or services. This is where the FCCPA
clearly prohibits and criminalizes all agreements relating to price
fixing/manipulation of all sorts.
By section 69 of the FCCPA, any entity that has an
anti-competition agreement is punishable with an imprisonment term
of not more than 5 years or fine of not more than N5 Million Naira,
where the offender is a human being. Where the offender is a
corporate being, the punishment is a fine that is not more than 10%
of the turnover of the corporate being in the preceding business
year and each of its directors are to be punished with an
imprisonment term of not more than 5 years or fine of not more than
N5 Million Naira or both.
The FCCPA, clearly in section 107, describes and criminalizes
price fixing. It frowns at any business entity that directly or
indirectly, by agreement, threat, promise or any other means, seeks
to influence or conspire to influence an increase or decrease in
prices of any other business entity, where that other business
entity is not part of the entity seeking the price fixing.
Price fixing is punishable with imprisonment for not more than 3
years or fine for not more than N10 Million Naira or both, where
the offender is a human being. Where the offender is a corporate
being, the punishment is a fine that is not more than 10% of the
turnover of the corporate being in the preceding business year and
each of its directors are to be punished with an imprisonment term
of not more than 3 years or fine of not more than N10 Million
Naira.
Conspiracy between entities on price fixing is also an offence
and it is punishable with 3 years or fine for not more than N10
Million Naira or both, where the offender is a human being. Where
the offender is a corporate being, the punishment is a fine that is
not more than 10% of the turnover of the corporate being in the
preceding business year and each of its directors are to be
punished with an imprisonment term of not more than 5 years or fine
of not more than N10 Million Naira, under section 108 of the
FCCPA.
The FCCPC, Dangote Group and BUA Group: Which
Way?
By section 2 of the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act
(FCCPA), all government and non-government agencies involved in
commercial activities in Nigeria are bound by the FCCPA and under
the supervision of the FCCPC. The Dangote Group, BUA Group and all
other business entities in Nigeria or outside Nigeria with
interests in Nigeria are under the supervision of the FCCPC. Hence,
the FCCPC should quickly investigate the alleged allegation of
price fixing.
The FCCPC has powers by virtue of the sections 27, 28, 29, 30
and 31 of the FCCPA to authorize (on warrant of court or without
warrant, in urgent cases), that the facilities and properties of
Dangote and BUA Groups be searched, inspected and to remove any
article, document or extract for the purpose of ascertaining
whether there has been a price fixing or not. Also, Dangote and BUA
Groups have the duty to assist and ensure that their facilities are
properly searched and necessary materials taken away by FCCPC.
Obstructing the search and investigation of FCCPC is a criminal
offence and it is punishable with not more than 2 years
imprisonment term or not more than fine of N5 Million Naira or
both.
Also, the FCCPC can also write and demand that the Dangote and
BUA Groups provide information to assist with investigation. And,
the FCCPC can also summon any person in Dangote and BUA Groups to
appear before the FCCPC during hearings. Furthermore, by sections
32 and 33 of the FCCPA, failure of the Dangote and BUA Group to
provide any requested information to FCCPC or to appear at the
hearings of the FCCPC is a criminal offence. This offence is
punishable with an imprisonment term of not more than 3 years or
fine of N20 Million Naira or both. The destruction of
records/information or any materials by any person (the Dangote
Group or BUA Group) is a criminal offence punishable with an
imprisonment term for 3 years or fine of not more than N50 Million
Naira or both.
Assuming that the allegation of BUA Group against Dangote Group
is found to be true, the punishment will be a fine that is not more
than 10% of the turnover of the corporate being in the preceding
business year and each of its directors are to be punished with an
imprisonment term of not more than 3 years or fine of not more than
N10 Million Naira.
If the allegation of BUA Group is true, and both entities are
found to have conspired to fix price on sugar, their conspiracy
will be punished. Each of them will be punished with a fine that is
not more than 10% of its turnover in the preceding business year
and each of its directors are to be punished with an imprisonment
term of not more than 5 years or fine of not more than N10 Million
Naira,
The alleged BUA Group allegation against Dangote Group should be
investigated by the FCCPC. If the BUA Group continues with its
allegation at the FCCPC and the investigation of FCCPC finds the
allegation to be false, then BUA Group should be punished for
giving false and misleading information. By section 112 of the
FCCPA, the punishment for giving false/misleading information by
BUA Group is a fine that is not more than 10% of the turnover of
the corporate being in the preceding business year and each of its
directors are to be punished with an imprisonment term of not more
than 5 years or fine of not more than N10 Million Naira.
Conclusion:
The two major sugar giants in Nigeria (Dangote Group and BUA Group)
have fought over the Nigerian sugar sector. It is in the news that
the fight is over, thanks to Governor Ganduje of Kano State, for
intervening in the fight between two indigenes of his state (Mr.
Aliko Dangote of Dangote Group and Mr. Abdul Samad Rabiu of BUA
Group).
However, the alleged allegation of BUA Group against Dangote
Group on price fixing, is an issue that is high and above the
reconciliatory powers of Governor Ganduje. Price fixing is a
criminal offence and is clearly provided by the FCCPA and only the
FCCPC has the powers to investigate and prosecute such matter.
Price fixing aside its unhealthy market competition impacts, has
a huge impact on consumers, and sits only on the statutory plate of
the FCCPC. The role of sugar in households and in the production of
Fast Moving Consumables (FMCs) makes price fixing on sugar a
national issue and a threat to the NSMP. Hence, the alleged
allegation of price fixing against Dangote Group by the BUA Group
is an issue that should be immediately investigated by the FCCPC
and the result of such investigation should be made public.
My authorities, are:
1. Sections 1, 2, 3, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 59, 69, 107, 112 ,
167 and 168 of the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act,
2019.
2. BUA Group, “About Us” accessed 6 May 2021
3. “Dangote Group” accessed 6 May 2021
4. Pro Share, “Dangote Vs BUA; The Sugar Wars Unredacted”
(ProShare, 18 April 2021) accessed 6 May 2021
5. Chike Olisha, “Dangote, BUA reconcile over sugar plant dispute
after meeting with Ganduje, others” (Nairametrics, 15 April 2021)
accessed 6 May 2021
6. James Emejo, “Dangote, Flour Mills, BUA at War over New Sugar
Refinery” (ThisDay, 9 April 2021) accessed 6 April 2021
7. Martins Oloja, “Dangote vs BUA: Borrowing from Ganduje’s
Initiative” (The Guardian, 18 April 2021) accessed 6 May 2021
8. Ripples Nigeria, “Dangote responds to BUA’s price fixing
allegations” (RipplesNigeria, 9 April, 2021) accessed 6 May
2021
9. Wiseman Ubochioma, “BUA Group vs. Dangote Group debacle:
Competition law and limits of price fixing” (TheGuardian, 27 April
2021) accessed 6 May 2021.
10. Onyekachi Umah, “Punishment for Price Increment during COVID-19
Lockdown in Lagos State” (LearnNigerianLaws.com, 13 April 2020)
accessed 23 April 2021
Sabi Law Projects:
#SabiLaw
#DailyLawTips
#SabiBusinessLaw
#SabiElectionLaws
#SabiHumanRights
#SabiLawOnTheBeatFm
#SabiLawLectureSeries
#CriminalJusticeMonday
#SabiLawVideoChallenge
Speak with the writer, ask questions or make inquiries on this
topic or any other via onyekachi.umah@gmail.com,
info@LearnNigerianLaws.com or +2348037665878 (whatsapp). To receive
free Daily Law Tips, join our free WhatsApp group via
https://chat.whatsapp.com/L7h4f1exItZ38FeuhXG4WN or Telegram group,
via the below link: https://t.me/LearnNigerianLaws
To keep up to date on all free legal awareness projects of Sabi
Law Foundation, follow us via
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Instagram:@LearnNigerianLaws,
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Facebook group:
(https://www.facebook.com/groups/129824937650907/?ref=share)
or visit our website: (www.LearnNigerianLaws.com)
Please share this publication for free till it gets to those
that need it most. Save a Nigerian today! NOTE: Sharing, modifying
or publishing this publication without giving credit to the author
or Sabi Law Foundation is a criminal breach of copyright and will
be prosecuted. This publication is the writer’s view not a legal
advice and does not create any form of relationship. You may reach
the writer for more information.
This publication is powered by www.LearnNigerianLaws.com {A Free
Law Awareness Program of Sabi Law Foundation, supported by the law
firm of Bezaleel Chambers International (BCI).} Sabi Law Foundation
is a Not-For-Profit and Non-Governmental Legal Awareness
Organization based in Nigeria. For sponsorship and partnership,
contact: sponsorship@learnnigerianlaws.com, sabilaw.ng@gmail.com or
+234 903 913 1200.
Daily Law Tips (Tip 790) by Onyekachi Umah, Esq., LL.M,
ACIArb(UK)
Introduction:
BUA Group is a food and infrastructure conglomerate based in
Nigeria, owned by Nigerians and formed by Mr. Abdul Samad Rabiu in
1988. Dangote Group is the largest conglomerate in West Africa,
formed in 1981 by Mr. Aliko Dangote, having in investments in food
and shelter, among others. Both business entities have huge
investments in the Nigeria’s sugar industry. Relying on newspapers
reports, Mr. Aliko Dangote of Dangote Group and Mr. John
Coumantaros, Chairman of Nigeria Flour Mills Plc both signed and
sent a petition against BUA Group vide a letter dated 28 January
2021.
The petition was addressed to the Minister of Industry, Trade
and Investment, and it alleged that BUA Group was involved in
activities that are contrary to the National Sugar Master Plan
(NSMP) of the Federal Government of Nigeria. It was alleged in the
petition that BUA Group does not intend to invest on development of
sugar plantations, so as to qualify for raw sugar importation
quotas, rather that BUA Group plans to only import and refine raw
sugar through its new sugar refinery in Port Harcourt, Rivers
State. The petition led to several other letters and a shocking
allegation that Dangote Group was involved in price fixing and had
sought BUA Group to join the illicit exercise, but that the refusal
of BUA Group, prompted the petition of allegations of Dangote
Group. The allegation is weighty in a country with a competition
and consumer protection regulator. This work focuses on price
fixing and the powers of the Federal Competition and Consumer
Protection Commission (FCCPC) to ensure fair competition and the
expected interventions of FCCPC in the Dangote Sugar V. BUA Group
price fixing allegation.
Dangote Group, BUA Group and the Price Fixing
Allegation:
Following the petition of Dangote Group, the Minister of Industry,
Trade and Investment wrote BUA Group via a letter dated 10 February
2021 and requested that a response be sent to him on or before 19
February 2021. By a letter dated 11 February 2021, Mr. Abdul Samad
Rabiu of BUA Group responded to the letter of the Minister and
stated that the company was not in violation of the NSMP. He
further reiterated that the operations of the BUA Group were on the
approval of the President of Nigeria and that the petition of the
BUA Group’s competitors (Dangote Group and the Nigeria Flour Mills
Plc) was a challenge to the powers of the President of Nigeria. BUA
Group assured the Minister that its activities will rather save
Nigerians from price fixing and manipulations in the sugar sector;
“the only way it will affect Nigerians is that Nigerians will pay
lower prices for sugar …” and “where it is absolutely necessary- in
the face of arbitrary price increases and collusion to force
scarcity of the product locally.”
The response of BUA Group has been popularly interpreted to
insulate that the BUA Group’s competitors (Dangote Group and the
Nigeria Flour Mills Plc) may be involved in price fixing and
manipulation. Furthermore, according to RipplesNigeria, “Dangote
Sugar representative had allegedly approached BUA Sugar founder,
Abdulsamad Rabiu, to increase price of sugar during Ramadan last
year due to improved demand. Rabiu was allegedly asked to join
their plan to fix price of sugar. But BUA turned down the
suggestion, choosing to leave its price at the same rate. Prior to
Ramadan, the price was N13,000 per bag, but Dangote and one other
market competitor wanted the price increased to N30,000 per
bag.”
However, Dangote Group has since denied being involved in any
price fixing/manipulation, through Mr. Ravindra Singhvi (its Group
Managing Director), and confirmed that, “DSR does not engage in
artificial price manipulation of its products, either during the
Holy month of Ramadan or at any other time.” “We have never ever
increased price of our food items or commodities during the Holy
month of Ramadan in the history of our operations.”. So far, the is
no news or information about any investigation by Federal
Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) on the
allegation of price fixing in the sugar sector.
THE FCCPC and Price Fixing:
Although, it is in the news that both Aliko Dangote and Abdul Samad
Rabiu have reconciled their differences, through the intervention
of Mr. Abdullahi Umar Ganduje (Governor of Kano State), the legal
implications of their allegations and counter allegations have not
settled, rather they call out the Federal Competition and Consumer
Protection Commission (FCCPC) to play its statutory roles.
Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC)
is a federal agency established on 30 January 2019 to promote and
maintain competitive markets in the Nigerian economy. It has the
objective to prohibit restrictive and unfair business practices,
which prevent, restrict or distort competition or constitute an
abuse of a dominate position of the market power in Nigeria. It is
the apex consumer protection agency.
FCCPC is established by the Federal Competition and Consumer
Protection Act (FCCPA) and the FCCPA criminalizes all forms and
shades of unfair competition agreements in the Nigerian economy.
Specifically, section 59 of the FCCPA prohibits all agreements that
may actually or likely prevent, restrict or distort competition and
also declares all such agreement as invalid and void. For avoidance
of doubt, section 59 of the FCCPA went further to list out some
common anti-competition practises, like; fixing a purchase or
selling prices of goods or services. This is where the FCCPA
clearly prohibits and criminalizes all agreements relating to price
fixing/manipulation of all sorts.
By section 69 of the FCCPA, any entity that has an
anti-competition agreement is punishable with an imprisonment term
of not more than 5 years or fine of not more than N5 Million Naira,
where the offender is a human being. Where the offender is a
corporate being, the punishment is a fine that is not more than 10%
of the turnover of the corporate being in the preceding business
year and each of its directors are to be punished with an
imprisonment term of not more than 5 years or fine of not more than
N5 Million Naira or both.
The FCCPA, clearly in section 107, describes and criminalizes
price fixing. It frowns at any business entity that directly or
indirectly, by agreement, threat, promise or any other means, seeks
to influence or conspire to influence an increase or decrease in
prices of any other business entity, where that other business
entity is not part of the entity seeking the price fixing.
Price fixing is punishable with imprisonment for not more than 3
years or fine for not more than N10 Million Naira or both, where
the offender is a human being. Where the offender is a corporate
being, the punishment is a fine that is not more than 10% of the
turnover of the corporate being in the preceding business year and
each of its directors are to be punished with an imprisonment term
of not more than 3 years or fine of not more than N10 Million
Naira.
Conspiracy between entities on price fixing is also an offence
and it is punishable with 3 years or fine for not more than N10
Million Naira or both, where the offender is a human being. Where
the offender is a corporate being, the punishment is a fine that is
not more than 10% of the turnover of the corporate being in the
preceding business year and each of its directors are to be
punished with an imprisonment term of not more than 5 years or fine
of not more than N10 Million Naira, under section 108 of the
FCCPA.
The FCCPC, Dangote Group and BUA Group: Which
Way?
By section 2 of the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act
(FCCPA), all government and non-government agencies involved in
commercial activities in Nigeria are bound by the FCCPA and under
the supervision of the FCCPC. The Dangote Group, BUA Group and all
other business entities in Nigeria or outside Nigeria with
interests in Nigeria are under the supervision of the FCCPC. Hence,
the FCCPC should quickly investigate the alleged allegation of
price fixing.
The FCCPC has powers by virtue of the sections 27, 28, 29, 30
and 31 of the FCCPA to authorize (on warrant of court or without
warrant, in urgent cases), that the facilities and properties of
Dangote and BUA Groups be searched, inspected and to remove any
article, document or extract for the purpose of ascertaining
whether there has been a price fixing or not. Also, Dangote and BUA
Groups have the duty to assist and ensure that their facilities are
properly searched and necessary materials taken away by FCCPC.
Obstructing the search and investigation of FCCPC is a criminal
offence and it is punishable with not more than 2 years
imprisonment term or not more than fine of N5 Million Naira or
both.
Also, the FCCPC can also write and demand that the Dangote and
BUA Groups provide information to assist with investigation. And,
the FCCPC can also summon any person in Dangote and BUA Groups to
appear before the FCCPC during hearings. Furthermore, by sections
32 and 33 of the FCCPA, failure of the Dangote and BUA Group to
provide any requested information to FCCPC or to appear at the
hearings of the FCCPC is a criminal offence. This offence is
punishable with an imprisonment term of not more than 3 years or
fine of N20 Million Naira or both. The destruction of
records/information or any materials by any person (the Dangote
Group or BUA Group) is a criminal offence punishable with an
imprisonment term for 3 years or fine of not more than N50 Million
Naira or both.
Assuming that the allegation of BUA Group against Dangote Group
is found to be true, the punishment will be a fine that is not more
than 10% of the turnover of the corporate being in the preceding
business year and each of its directors are to be punished with an
imprisonment term of not more than 3 years or fine of not more than
N10 Million Naira.
If the allegation of BUA Group is true, and both entities are
found to have conspired to fix price on sugar, their conspiracy
will be punished. Each of them will be punished with a fine that is
not more than 10% of its turnover in the preceding business year
and each of its directors are to be punished with an imprisonment
term of not more than 5 years or fine of not more than N10 Million
Naira,
The alleged BUA Group allegation against Dangote Group should be
investigated by the FCCPC. If the BUA Group continues with its
allegation at the FCCPC and the investigation of FCCPC finds the
allegation to be false, then BUA Group should be punished for
giving false and misleading information. By section 112 of the
FCCPA, the punishment for giving false/misleading information by
BUA Group is a fine that is not more than 10% of the turnover of
the corporate being in the preceding business year and each of its
directors are to be punished with an imprisonment term of not more
than 5 years or fine of not more than N10 Million Naira.
Conclusion:
The two major sugar giants in Nigeria (Dangote Group and BUA Group)
have fought over the Nigerian sugar sector. It is in the news that
the fight is over, thanks to Governor Ganduje of Kano State, for
intervening in the fight between two indigenes of his state (Mr.
Aliko Dangote of Dangote Group and Mr. Abdul Samad Rabiu of BUA
Group).
However, the alleged allegation of BUA Group against Dangote
Group on price fixing, is an issue that is high and above the
reconciliatory powers of Governor Ganduje. Price fixing is a
criminal offence and is clearly provided by the FCCPA and only the
FCCPC has the powers to investigate and prosecute such matter.
Price fixing aside its unhealthy market competition impacts, has
a huge impact on consumers, and sits only on the statutory plate of
the FCCPC. The role of sugar in households and in the production of
Fast Moving Consumables (FMCs) makes price fixing on sugar a
national issue and a threat to the NSMP. Hence, the alleged
allegation of price fixing against Dangote Group by the BUA Group
is an issue that should be immediately investigated by the FCCPC
and the result of such investigation should be made public.
My authorities, are:
1. Sections 1, 2, 3, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 59, 69, 107, 112 ,
167 and 168 of the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act,
2019.
2. BUA Group, “About Us” accessed 6 May 2021
3. “Dangote Group” accessed 6 May 2021
4. Pro Share, “Dangote Vs BUA; The Sugar Wars Unredacted”
(ProShare, 18 April 2021) accessed 6 May 2021
5. Chike Olisha, “Dangote, BUA reconcile over sugar plant dispute
after meeting with Ganduje, others” (Nairametrics, 15 April 2021)
accessed 6 May 2021
6. James Emejo, “Dangote, Flour Mills, BUA at War over New Sugar
Refinery” (ThisDay, 9 April 2021) accessed 6 April 2021
7. Martins Oloja, “Dangote vs BUA: Borrowing from Ganduje’s
Initiative” (The Guardian, 18 April 2021) accessed 6 May 2021
8. Ripples Nigeria, “Dangote responds to BUA’s price fixing
allegations” (RipplesNigeria, 9 April, 2021) accessed 6 May
2021
9. Wiseman Ubochioma, “BUA Group vs. Dangote Group debacle:
Competition law and limits of price fixing” (TheGuardian, 27 April
2021) accessed 6 May 2021.
10. Onyekachi Umah, “Punishment for Price Increment during COVID-19
Lockdown in Lagos State” (LearnNigerianLaws.com, 13 April 2020)
accessed 23 April 2021
Sabi Law Projects:
#SabiLaw
#DailyLawTips
#SabiBusinessLaw
#SabiElectionLaws
#SabiHumanRights
#SabiLawOnTheBeatFm
#SabiLawLectureSeries
#CriminalJusticeMonday
#SabiLawVideoChallenge
Speak with the writer, ask questions or make inquiries on this
topic or any other via onyekachi.umah@gmail.com,
info@LearnNigerianLaws.com or +2348037665878 (whatsapp). To receive
free Daily Law Tips, join our free WhatsApp group via
https://chat.whatsapp.com/L7h4f1exItZ38FeuhXG4WN or Telegram group,
via the below link: https://t.me/LearnNigerianLaws
To keep up to date on all free legal awareness projects of Sabi
Law Foundation, follow us via
Facebook Page:@LearnNigerianLaws,
Instagram:@LearnNigerianLaws,
Twitter: @LearnNigeriaLaw,
YouTube: Learn Nigerian Laws,
WhatsApp Groups via
(https://chat.whatsapp.com/L7h4f1exItZ38FeuhXG4WN),
Telegram Group: (https://t.me/LearnNigerianLaws),
Facebook group:
(https://www.facebook.com/groups/129824937650907/?ref=share)
or visit our website: (www.LearnNigerianLaws.com)
Please share this publication for free till it gets to those
that need it most. Save a Nigerian today! NOTE: Sharing, modifying
or publishing this publication without giving credit to the author
or Sabi Law Foundation is a criminal breach of copyright and will
be prosecuted. This publication is the writer’s view not a legal
advice and does not create any form of relationship. You may reach
the writer for more information.
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