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Why Nigerian Government Cannot Prosecute Twitter Users

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June 15, 2021
54 min read 10,794 words 2 views
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Daily Law Tips (Tip 809) by Onyekachi Umah, Esq., LL.M,
ACIArb(UK)

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Introduction:   

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On 5 June 2021, Twitter was banned in Nigeria for deleting the
public messages of the President of Nigeria. According to Twitter
Inc., the messages where offensive, while according to Nigeria, the
ban was “for activities that are capable of undermining Nigeria’s
corporate existence.” Sequel to the ban, many Nigerians have
continued the use Twitter through Virtual Private Networks (VPN),
even as world leaders and Nigerians condemn the ban as an
undemocratic violation of human rights.

Following the continued use of the banned Twitter by Nigerians,
the Attorney General of the Federation (Mr. Abubakar Malami)
threatened to prosecute Twitter Users in Nigeria. As reported in
the Guardian Newspaper, Umar Jibrilu Gwandu (spokesman to Malami),
revealed that; “Malami directed the Director of Public Prosecution
of the Federation (DPPF) at the Office of the Attorney General of
the Federation and Minister of Justice, to swing into action and
commence in earnest the process of prosecution of violators of the
Federal Government De-activation of operations of Twitter in
Nigeria,”. Mr. Malami is a Senior Advocate of Nigeria and Nigeria’s
Chief Legal Officer.

This work analyzes the threat of the Federal Government of
Nigeria to prosecute Twitter Users in Nigeria. It questions the
powers of government to criminalize actions and inactions,
viz-a-viz the fundamental human rights in Nigeria, especially the
right not to be prosecuted under a non-existing law. It ultimately
reveals the illegalities in prosecuting Twitter Users in courts in
Nigeria. In this work, the words/terms; “Lawful Violation” and
“Lawfully Violate” are used contextually to refer to rights that
can be lawfully suspended, derogated and challenged by government,
not minding their grammatical propriety.

Nigerian Human Rights:

There are fundamental human rights in Nigeria and there are
contained in the Constitution of Nigeria. The rights are for
persons in Nigeria, including businesses, enterprises and corporate
bodies. Learn more on this via; “Twitter
vs. Nigeria; The Human Rights of Twitter Inc. and the Twitter
Users”[1].
Fundamental human rights are basic, elementary, mandatory,
compulsory and unshakable entitlements of persons. Fundamental
human rights are never purchased rather they are inborn and inbuilt
on every person (human being or corporate
being). List of
Fundamental Human Rights In Nigeria.[2]

The fundamental human rights contained in the constitution of
Nigeria are: Right to Life, Right to Dignity of Human Person, Right
to Personal Liberty, Right to Fair Hearing, Right to Private and
Family Life, Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion,
Right to Freedom of Expression and the Press, Rights to Peaceful
Assembly and Association, Right to Freedom of Movement, Right to
Freedom from Discrimination and then, Right to Acquire and Own
Immovable Property anywhere in Nigeria.

Fundamental human rights are sacred, however, some of them can
be suspended, limited, derogated and “lawfully violated” by
government in Nigeria, without any liabilities. You may read & comment now
on this issue, via “Government Can Lawfully Violate Human Rights:
The Case of Twitter vs. Nigeria[3]”. It is
also important to note that a few of the fundamental human rights
are absolute, untouchable and unchallengeable by any person or
government. The absolute human rights are only about three; learn
more on this via; “Human
Rights That Are Truly Absolute And Untouchable In
Nigeria”.[4]

Human Rights of Offenders & Suspected
Offenders:

In Nigeria nothing is a crime, unless there is a written federal
or state law that declares the thing (action or inaction) to be a
crime. A common example is adultery. There is no general law in
Nigeria that makes adultery a crime, however, in some states in the
Northern part of Nigeria, adultery is a crime. You may read & comment now on
this issue via; “Adultery
Is Not An Offence In All States In Nigeria[5]”. 

Laws are made by the federal or state Legislature and not by the
Executive or Judiciary. The Executive is to only implement laws,
while the Judiciary interprets law. In some cases, to avoid delay
(administrative convenience), the Legislature may delegate some
powers in writing to the Executive, for the Executive to make some
regulations (as subsidiary legislations to the main/parent laws
made by the Legislature). This allows the President of Nigeria to
rely on a federal law to make Regulations.

Every offender or suspected offender has fundamental human
rights, like every other person in Nigeria. Even a man on a death
row has human rights and must be respected. A suspect that is
arrested for using Twitter has fundamental human rights, including
the right to fair hearing. Under the right to fair hearing is the
right not-to-be prosecuted or found guilty of a non-existing
offence.

Human Rights of Suspected Twitter
Users:

Millions of Nigerians have been using Twitter in Nigeria until
the Federal Government of Nigeria banned Twitter on 5 June 2021.
Following the ban on Twitter, and the continued use of Twitter by
Nigerians, the Federal Government of Nigeria threatened to
prosecute all Twitter Users. So, the focus here is on the human
rights of any suspected Twitter User in Nigeria and this will
ultimately reveal whether Twitter Users can be prosecuted in courts
in Nigeria.

To prosecute a suspect in Nigeria, the prosecution must prove
that the suspect has violated a written criminal law. At the time
that Twitter was banned in Nigeria till date, there is no state or
federal law that criminalizes the use of Twitter or any social
media platform in any part of Nigeria. Also, the President of
Nigeria has not signed any Regulation criminalizing the use of
Twitter. As such, there is no legal basis for any person in Nigeria
to be investigated, arrested or charged to any court for using
Twitter.

By the working of the few absolute fundamental human rights,
specifically; “Right not to be held guilty of a non-existing
offence”, no person in Nigeria can be prosecuted for using the
banned twitter or any social media platform. There is no written
law that prohibits Twitter in any part of Nigeria, so there is no
legal authority for the arrest and prosecution of persons using
Twitter in Nigeria. Whether the ban on Twitter is lawful or not,
there is no single law that prohibits persons in Nigeria from using
Twitter or any other social media platform. So, there is no law for
criminal charges on use of Twitter to be prepared and issued
against any person in Nigeria. Criminal laws are not made by mere
executive television messages of the President of Nigeria or the
Attorney General of Nigeria.

Although the Federal Government of Nigeria can lawfully suspend
Twitter through a federal law (if the law is democratic and
reasonably justifiable in the interest of defence, public good,
public health or public safety), presently, there is no such law
yet. Also, there is no law criminalizing the use of Twitter in any
part of Nigeria.

Conclusion: 

Although the President of Nigeria is the Chief Executive Officer
of Nigeria, he is bound by the Constitution of Nigeria. The
President of Nigeria and his appointees (including the Attorney
General of Federation) are by the Constitution of Nigeria
prohibited from investigating, arresting and prosecuting any person
in Nigeria for an offence that does not exists. The President and
his appointees have not convinced the Legislature to enact a law
criminalizing the use of Twitter in Nigeria. Until there is such
law, no person can be lawfully arrested and prosecuted for using
Twitter in Nigeria.

In the present state of lawlessness and executive impunity in
Nigeria, it is not impossible for Twitter Users to be arrested and
charged to court for no offence. It will also not be strange to
find lawyers and prosecutors, arguing for the guilt of Twitter
Users under no known law in a court of law. The processes of such
shameful arguments may fetch suspected Twitter Users some weeks, if
not months, in the overcrowded Correctional Facilities in Nigeria.
Such suspected Twitter Users can stay for years on the notorious
Awaiting-Trial Lists of Correctional Centers, until death or
political mercy comes. So, although, it is legally wrong for any
person to be prosecuted for using Twitter since there is no law
against the use of Twitter, it is not impossible to find
unscrupulous prosecutors that may seek to prosecute Twitter Users
for a non-existing offence.

My authorities, are:

  1. Sections 14, 20, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
    44, 45, 305, 318 and 319 of the Constitution of the Federal
    Republic of Nigeria, 1999.
  2. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration for Human Rights.
  3. Sections 6, 7, 8 and 22 of the National Human Rights Commission
    (Amendment) Act 2010 and Sections 1, 2, 5 and 6, the National Human
    Rights Commission (Amendment) Act 1995.
  4. Sections 387 and 388 of the Penal Code Act, 1960
  5. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on meaning and
    nature of fundamental human rights) in the case of RANSOME-KUTI &
    ORS v. AG FEDERATION & ORS (1985) LPELR-2940(SC)
  6. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on meaning and
    nature of fundamental human rights) in the case of AGBAI & ORS v.
    OKOGBUE (1991) LPELR-225(SC).
  7. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on when and why
    fundamental human rights can be restricted/suspended) in the case
    of DOKUBO-ASARI v. FRN (2007) LPELR-958(SC).
  8. The Supreme Court judgment on “Meaning of Regulation” in the
    case of AG LAGOS STATE v. EKO HOTELS LTD & ANOR (2006)
    LPELR-3161(SC)
  9. The Court of Appeal judgment on “Meaning of Executive
    Order/Regulation” in the case of ELEPHANT GROUP PLC v. NATIONAL
    SECURITY ADVISER & ANOR (2018) LPELR-45528(CA)
  10. The Supreme Court judgment on “Policy Documents/Guidance” in
    the case of COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF CUSTOMS & ORS v. COMPTROLLER
    ABDULLAHI B. GUSAU (2017) LPELR-42081(SC).
  11. The Supreme Court judgment on “Policy Documents/Guidance” in
    the case of UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC & ANOR. v. IFEOLUWA NIG.
    ENTERPRISES LTD (2007) 7 NWLR (Pt.1032) 71 at 84.
  12. Nimi Princewill and Stephanie Busari, “Nigeria bans Twitter
    after company deletes President Buhari’s tweet” (CNN, 5 June 2021)
    <https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/04/africa/nigeria-suspends-twitter-operations-intl/index.html[6]> accessed 7 June
    2021
  13. Adeyemi Adepetun, Sunday Aikulola, Silver Nwokoro, Nkechi
    Onyedika-Ugoeze and Nnamdi Akpa, “Adeboye, Kumuyi defend Twitter
    use as envoys again reject ban” (The Guardian, 8 June 2021)
    <https://guardian.ng/news/adeboye-kumuyi-defend-twitter-use-as-envoys-again-reject-ban/[7]> accessed 8 June
    2021
  14. BBC, “Nigeria’s Twitter ban: Government orders prosecution of
    violators” (BBC, 6 June 2021) <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57368535[8]> accessed 8 June
    2021
  15. Alfred Olufemi, “After Twitter, Facebook deletes Buhari’s
    controversial ‘civil war’ post” (PremiumTimes, 4 June 2021)
    <https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/465653-just-in-after-twitter-facebook-deletes-buharis-controversial-civil-war-post.html[9]> accessed 8 June
    2021
  16. Anietie Ewang, “Nigeria’s Twitter Ban Follows Pattern of
    Repression” (Human Rights Watch, 7 June 2021) <https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/07/nigerias-twitter-ban-follows-pattern-repression[10]> accessed 8 June
    2021
  17. Onyekachi Umah, “Twitter vs. Nigeria; The Human Rights of
    Twitter Inc. and the Twitter Users” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[11], 8 June 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/twitter-vs-nigeria-the-human-rights-of-twitter-inc-and-the-twitter-users/[12]> accessed 9 June
    2021.
  18. Onyekachi Umah, “Scarcity of Passport and the Government’s
    Violation of the Right of Movement” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[13], 1 June 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/scarcity-of-passport-and-the-governments-violation-of-the-right-of-movement/[14]> accessed 8 June
    2021
  19. Onyekachi Umah, “An Alternative to Courts for Human Rights
    Cases” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[15], 14 May 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/an-alternative-to-courts-for-human-rights-cases/[16]> accessed 23 May
    2021.
  20. Onyekachi Umah, “Details of State Offices of National Human
    Rights Commission” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[17], 27 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/details-of-state-offices-of-national-human-rights-commission/[18]> accessed 14 May
    2021
  21. Onyekachi Umah, “Human Rights That Can Never Be Restricted Even
    In War, Pandemic or State of Emergency” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[19], 2 April 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/human-rights-that-can-never-be-restricted-even-in-war-pandemic-or-state-of-emergency-daily-law-tips-tip-539-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[20]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  22. Onyekachi Umah, “Does The President/Governors Have Powers To
    Lockdown Any Part Of Nigeria Or Restrict Human Rights?” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[21], 1 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/does-the-president-governors-have-powers-to-lockdown-any-part-of-nigeria-or-restrict-human-rights-daily-law-tips-tip-537-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[22] > accessed 14 May
    2021
  23. Onyekachi Umah, “How to Report and Discipline Police Officers”
    (LearnNigerianLaws.com[23], 25 May 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/how-to-report-and-discipline-police-officers/[24]> accessed 27 May
    2021
  24. Onyekachi Umah, “Warrant of Arrest: Contents and Issuance”
    (LearnNigerianLaws.com[25], 19 April 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/warrant-of-arrest-contents-and-issuance/[26]> accessed 25 May
    2021.
  25. Onyekachi Umah, “12 Situations Where Police Officers Can Arrest
    Without Warrant” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[27], 18 June 2019)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/12-situations-where-police-officers-can-arrest-without-warrant/[28]> accessed 25 May
    2021.
  26. Onyekachi Umah, “Stripping Suspects Naked is Torture and it’s a
    Crime” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[29], 16 February 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/stripping-suspects-naked-is-torture-and-its-a-crime/[30]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  27. Onyekachi Umah, “Can Police Punish Unlawful Protesters?”
    (LearnNigerianLaws.com[31], 15 February 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/can-police-punish-unlawful-protesters/[32]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  28. Onyekachi Umah, “When Can A Protest Become A Riot?” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[33], 6 November 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/when-can-a-protest-become-a-riot/[34]> 23 May 2021
  29. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndSarsNow: Punishment For Police (SARS)
    Torture” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[35], 6 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/endsarsnow-punishment-for-police-sars-torture/[36]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  30. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndSarsNow: Nigeria Police Lacks Power To
    Punish” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[37], 7 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/endsarsnow-nigeria-police-lacks-power-to-punish/[38]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  31. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndPoliceBrutality: How To Sue the Nigeria
    Police Force and Police Officers” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[39], 14 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/endpolicebrutality-how-to-sue-the-nigeria-police-force-and-police-officers/[40]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  32. “Demand justice for Police Brutality in Nigeria” (Amnesty
    International) <https://www.amnesty.org/en/get-involved/take-action/nigeria-end-impunity-for-police-brutality-end-sars/[41]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  33. Onyekachi Umah, “Who Can Be Lawfully Killed In Nigeria?”
    (LearnNigerianLaws.com[42], 26 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/who-can-be-lawfully-killed-in-nigeria/[43] > accessed 23 May
    2021
  34. Femi Falana, “Police Permit Not Required For Rallies in
    Nigeria” (Premium Times, 23 January 2014) <https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/153860-police-permit-required-rallies-nigeria.html[44]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  35. Onyekachi Umah, “Can A Person With A Nigerian Flag Be Shot Or
    Killed?” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[45],23 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/can-a-person-with-a-nigerian-flag-be-shot-or-killed/[46] > accessed 23 May
    2021
  36. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndPoliceBrutality: When & How Can Government
    Prohibit Protest In Nigeria?” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[47], 19 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/when-and-how-can-government-prohibit-protest-in-nigeria/[48] > accessed 23 May
    2021
  37. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndPoliceBrutality: The Right To Protest Is A
    Human Right.” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[49], 15 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/endpolicebrutality-the-right-to-protest-is-a-human-right/[50] > accessed 23 May
    2021
  38. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndPoliceBrutality: Do You Need A Police
    Permit To Protest?” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[51], 16 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/endpolicebrutality-do-you-need-a-police-permit-to-protest/[52]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  39. Onyekachi Umah, “Does The President/Governors Have Powers To
    Lockdown Any Part Of Nigeria Or Restrict Human Rights?” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[53], 31 March 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/does-the-president-governors-have-powers-to-lockdown-any-part-of-nigeria-or-restrict-human-rights-daily-law-tips-tip-537-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[54] > accessed 23 May
    2021
  40. Onyekachi Umah, “Duty of Government to Pay Compensation for
    Damages Caused By Riot.” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[55], 4 November 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/duty-of-government-to-pay-compensation-for-damages-caused-by-riot/[56]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  41. Onyekachi Umah, “Who Pays For Properties Damaged or Lost In A
    Riot In Nigeria” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[57], 6 August 2018)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/daily-law-tips-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-tip-157-who-pays-for-properties-damaged-or-lost-in-a-riot-in-nigeria/[58] > accessed 23 May
    2021
  42. Onyekachi Umah, “List of Fundamental Human Rights In Nigeria.”
    (LearnNigerianLaws.com[59], 22 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/list-of-fundamental-human-rights-in-nigeria/[60]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  43. Chris Admin, “Onyekachi Umah Speaks To ChannelsTv On SARS & The
    New Police Act” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[61], 9 November 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/onyekachi-umah-speaks-to-channelstv-on-sars-the-new-police-act/[62]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  44. Onyekachi Umah, “What Is The Punishment For Any Person
    Including Police Officers That Tortures Another Person” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[63], 18 December 2018)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/daily-law-tips-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-tip-251-what-is-the-punishment-for-any-person-including-police-officers-that-tortures-another-person/[64]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  45. Onyekachi Umah, “Is Obeying “Orders From Above” a Defence for
    Torture in Nigeria” (LearnNIgerianLaws.com[65], 7 September 2019)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/is-obeying-orders-from-above-a-defence-for-torture-in-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-409-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[66]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  46. Onyekachi Umah, “Being Present During Torture Without
    Participating In It, Is A Crime” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[67], 25 November 2019)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/being-present-during-torture-without-participating-in-it-is-a-crime-daily-law-tips-tip-464-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[68]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  47. Onyekachi Umah, “New Punishment for Security Officers Involved
    in Torture in Nigeria.” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[69], 27 August 2017)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/new-punishment-for-security-officers-involved-in-torture-in-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-401-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[70]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  48. Onyekachi Umah, “Watching Torture but not Participating in it,
    is Torture.” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[71], 19 November 2019)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/watching-torture-but-not-participating-in-it-is-torture-daily-law-tips-tip-460-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[72]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  49. Onyekachi Umah, “Any Security Agency’s Manual/Protocol that
    Allows Torture Even for National Security Cases is Unlawful and its
    Officers are Liable.” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[73], 11 September 2019)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/any-security-agency-s-manual-protocol-that-allows-torture-even-for-national-security-cases-is-unlawful-and-its-officers-are-liable-daily-law-tips-tip-412-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[74]> accessed 23 May
    2021
  50. Onyekachi Umah, “Every Child has Right to a Rest and Play”
    (LearnNigerianLaws.com[75], 27 May 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/every-child-has-a-right-to-rest-and-play/[76]> accessed 30 May
    2021
  51. Onyekachi Umah, “Child Marriage/Abuse Is A Crime (Rape): An
    Exposé On Laws Prohibiting Child Marriage” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[77], 22 June 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/child-marriage-abuse-is-a-crime-rape-an-expose-on-laws-prohibiting-child-marriage-daily-law-tips-tip-593-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[78] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  52. Onyekachi Umah, “Forced Marriage Is An Offence In Nigeria.”
    (LearnNigerianLaws.com[79], 21 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/forced-marriage-is-an-offence-in-nigeria/[80] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  53. Onyekachi Umah, “Stripping Suspects Naked is Torture and it’s a
    Crime” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[81], 16 February 2021)
    <https:// 1 National Human Rights Commission, ‘State Offices”
    (NHRC) <http://www.nhrc.gov.ng/index.php/regional-offices#zamfara[82] > accessed 27
    October 2020
  54. Onyekachi Umah, “Details of State Offices of National Human
    Rights Commission” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[83], 27 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/details-of-state-offices-of-national-human-rights-commission/[84]> accessed 14 May
    2021
  55. Onyekachi Umah, “Does The President/Governors Have Powers To
    Lockdown Any Part Of Nigeria Or Restrict Human Rights?” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[85], 1 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/does-the-president-governors-have-powers-to-lockdown-any-part-of-nigeria-or-restrict-human-rights-daily-law-tips-tip-537-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[86] > accessed 14 May
    2021
  56. Onyekachi Umah, “States & Areas Offices of Public Complaints
    Commission” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[87], 20 November 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/states-areas-offices-of-public-complaints-commission/[88]> accessed 14 May
    2021
  57. Onyekachi Umah, “Complaints That The Public Complaints
    Commission Can Handle” (com[89], 30 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/complaints-that-the-public-complaints-commission-can-handle/[90]> accessed 14 May
    2021
  58. Stephen Ubimago, ‘Legal Aid Council: Facing Challenge Of
    Relevance Amid Poor Funding’ (Independent, 27 October 2020)
    <https://www.independent.ng/legal-aid-council-facing-challenge-of-relevance-amid-poor-funding/[91] > accessed 14 May
    2021
  59. Onyekachi Umah, “Abandonment Of Wife/Husband, Children Or
    Dependants Is A Crime” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[92], 3 December 2019)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/abandonment-of-wife-husband-children-or-dependants-is-a-crime-daily-law-tips-tip-470-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[93]> accessed 20 April
    2021
  60. Onyekachi Umah, “How Lagos State Is Legislatively Ahead Of
    Other States” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[94], 30 September 2020
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/how-lagos-state-is-legislatively-ahead-of-other-states/[95] > accessed 20 April
     2021
  61. Onyekachi Umah, “The First Virtual Court Hearing Was In Borno
    State And Not In Lagos State.” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[96], 1 June 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/the-first-virtual-court-hearing-was-in-borno-state-and-not-in-lagos-state-daily-law-tips-tip-579-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[97] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  62. Onyekachi Umah, “Emotional, Verbal And Psychological Abuse Is
    Now Criminal Offences” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[98], 3 September 2019)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/emotional-verbal-and-psychological-abuse-is-now-criminal-offence/[99]> accessed 28 April
    2021
  63. Onyekachi Umah, “Forcing Wife to Stop Work is Now A Crime”
    (LearnNigerianLaws.com[100], 21 April 2021)
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  65. Onyekachi Umah, “Seizing or Destroying the Property of a Spouse
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  67. Onyekachi Umah, “Domestic Violence Is A Crime Not A Family
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  68. Onyekachi Umah, “Why Lagos State Needs A VAPP/SGBV Law”
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  69. Onyekachi Umah, “Lagos State Has No VAPP/SGBV Law !” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[112], 8 December 2020)
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    2021
  70. Onyekachi Umah, “An Access To Criminal Laws In Nigeria”
    (LearnNigerianLaws.com[114], 4 December 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/an-access-to-criminal-laws-in-nigeria/[115] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  71. Onyekachi Umah, “8 New Things About Rape Laws In Nigeria”
    (LearnNigerianLaws.com[116], 3 December 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/8-new-things-about-rape-laws-in-nigeria/[117] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  72. Onyekachi Umah, “ChannelsTv Interviews Onyekachi Umah on Rape
    and the Laws.” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[118], 20 November 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/channelstv-interviews-onyekachi-umah-on-rape-and-the-laws/[119] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  73. Onyekachi Umah, “Can A Woman Be Charged With Rape” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[120], 24 June 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/can-a-woman-be-charged-with-rape-daily-law-tips-tip-595-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-ll-m-aciarbuk/[121] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  74. Onyekachi Umah, “Can A Husband Rape His Wife” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[122], 19 June 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/can-a-husband-rape-his-wife-daily-law-tips-tip-592-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[123] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  75. Onyekachi Umah, “When Is Seduction Or Indecent Dressing A
    Justification For Rape In Nigeria?” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[124], 18 June 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/when-is-seduction-or-indecent-dressing-a-justification-for-rape-in-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-591-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[125] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  76. Onyekachi Umah, “New Punishment For Rape In Nigeria” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[126], 23 June 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/new-punishment-for-rape-in-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-594-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[127] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  77. Onyekachi Umah, “Rape Cannot Be Settled Out Of Court (No Room
    For Pay-Off/Forgiveness/Withdrawal Of Complaints” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[128],26 June 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/rape-cannot-be-settled-out-of-court-no-room-for-pay-off-forgiveness-withdrawal-of-complaints-daily-law-tips-tip-596-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[129] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  78. Onyekachi Umah, “A Female Too, Can BE Guilty Of Rape” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[130], 13 December 2018)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/daily-law-tips-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-tip-248-a-female-too-can-be-guilty-of-rape-in-nigeria/[131] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  79. Onyekachi Umah, “Ages At Which Sexual Intercourse With Consent
    Will Amount To Rape” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[132], 20 February 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/ages-at-which-sexual-intercourse-with-consent-will-amount-to-rape-daily-law-tips-tip-509-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[133]> accessed 20 April
    2021
  80. Onyekachi Umah, “How To Prove Rape In Nigeria).” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[134], 2 July 2019)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/how-to-prove-rape-in-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-363-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[135] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  81. Onyekachi Umah, “Can a Married Woman Inherit Her Parents’
    Property?”, (LearnNigerianLaws.com[136], 27 March 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/can-a-married-woman-inherit-her-parents-property-daily-law-tips-tip-535-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[137] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  82. Onyekachi Umah, “Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting/Elongation,
    Breasts Ironing And Forced Marriage Are Now Criminal Offences In
    Nigeria” (Daily Law Tips [443]) <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/female-genital-mutilation-cutting-elongation-breasts-ironing-and-forced-marriage-are-now-criminal-offences-in-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-443-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[138] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  83. Onyekachi Umah, “Harmful Widowhood Practices (Traditions) Are
    Illegal In Nigeria” (Daily Law Tips [Tip 589]) <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/harmful-widowhood-practices-traditions-are-illegal-in-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-589-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[139] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  84. Onyekachi Umah, “Forceful Isolation/Separation Of Family
    Members/Friends Is Now An Offence In Nigeria” (Daily Law Tips
    [356]) <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/forceful-isolation-separation-of-family-members-friends-is-now-an-offence-in-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-356-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[140] > accessed 120
    April 2021
  85. Onyekachi Umah, “Abolished Anti-Women Custom of Onitsha People
    of Anambra State, Nigeria” (LearnNigerianLaws, 10 March 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/abolished-anti-women-custom-of-onitsha-people-of-anambra-state-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-522-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[141] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  86. Onyekachi Umah, “Citizen By Marriage Is Discriminatory and
    Against Nigerian Women”, (LearnNigerianLaws.com[142], 14 September 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/citizen-by-marriage-is-discriminatory-and-against-nigerian-women/[143] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  87. Onyekachi Umah, “Abolished Anti-Women Custom of Yoruba People
    of Nigeria”, (LearnNigerianLaws.com[144], 11 March 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/abolished-anti-women-custom-of-yoruba-people-of-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-523-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[145] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  88. Onyekachi Umah, “Can a Married Woman Inherit Her Parents
    Property?” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[146], 27 March 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/can-a-married-woman-inherit-her-parents-property-daily-law-tips-tip-535-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[147] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  89. Onyekachi Umah, “Approval For Marriage Of Female Officers/Staff
    Is Unconstitutional and Discriminatory”, (LearnNigerianLaws.com[148], 23 September 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/approval-for-marriage-of-female-officers-staff-is-unconstitutional-and-discriminatory/[149] > accessed 20 April
    2021
  90. Onyekachi Umah, “It Is An Offence To Chase Out Wife/Husband
    From A Home Or Even Attempt To Do So” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[150], 17 May 2019)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/it-is-an-offence-to-chase-out-wife-husband-from-a-home-or-even-attempt-to-do-so-daily-law-tips-tip-333-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[151]> accessed 20 April
    2021
  91. Onyekachi Umah, “Examining Brutalization of House Helps in
    Nigeria. (An Exposé on Anti-Cruel Labour Laws in Nigeria)” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[152], 3 August 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/examining-brutalization-of-house-helps-in-nigeria-an-expose-on-anti-cruel-labour-laws-in-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-623-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-ll-m-aciarbuk/[153]> accessed 27 April
    2021
  92. Onyekachi Umah, “11 States That Do Not Protect Children In
    Nigeria” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[154], 31 May 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/11-states-that-do-not-protect-children-in-nigeria/[155]> accessed 31 May
    2021.
  93. Onyekachi Umah, “Government Can Lawfully Violate Human Rights:
    The Case of Twitter vs. Nigeria” (LearnNigerianLaws.com, 9 June
    2021) < https://learnnigerianlaws.com/government-can-lawfully-violate-human-rights-the-case-of-twitter-vs-nigeria/[156]> accessed 9 June
    2021
  94. Onyekachi Umah, “Human Rights That Are Truly Absolute
    And Untouchable In Nigeria” (LearnNigerianLaws.com, 10 June 2021)
    <     https://learnnigerianlaws.com/human-rights-that-are-truly-absolute-and-untouchable-in-nigeria/[157]> accessed
    11 June 2021
  95. Onyekachi Umah, “Adultery Is Not An Offence In
    All States In Nigeria” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[158], 19 October 2018)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/daily-law-tips-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-tip-209-adultery-is-not-an-offence-in-all-states-in-nigeria/[159]> accessed 11 June
    2021.
  96. Dennis Erezi, “Twitter ban: Nigeria’s attorney
    general to prosecute offenders” (TheGuardian, 5 June 2021)
    <    https://guardian.ng/news/twitter-ban-nigerias-attorney-general-to-prosecute-offenders/[160]> accessed
    11 June 2021

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Daily Law Tips (Tip 809) by Onyekachi Umah, Esq., LL.M,
ACIArb(UK)

image image

Introduction:   

image

On 5 June 2021, Twitter was banned in Nigeria for deleting the
public messages of the President of Nigeria. According to Twitter
Inc., the messages where offensive, while according to Nigeria, the
ban was “for activities that are capable of undermining Nigeria’s
corporate existence.” Sequel to the ban, many Nigerians have
continued the use Twitter through Virtual Private Networks (VPN),
even as world leaders and Nigerians condemn the ban as an
undemocratic violation of human rights.

Following the continued use of the banned Twitter by Nigerians,
the Attorney General of the Federation (Mr. Abubakar Malami)
threatened to prosecute Twitter Users in Nigeria. As reported in
the Guardian Newspaper, Umar Jibrilu Gwandu (spokesman to Malami),
revealed that; “Malami directed the Director of Public Prosecution
of the Federation (DPPF) at the Office of the Attorney General of
the Federation and Minister of Justice, to swing into action and
commence in earnest the process of prosecution of violators of the
Federal Government De-activation of operations of Twitter in
Nigeria,”. Mr. Malami is a Senior Advocate of Nigeria and Nigeria’s
Chief Legal Officer.

This work analyzes the threat of the Federal Government of
Nigeria to prosecute Twitter Users in Nigeria. It questions the
powers of government to criminalize actions and inactions,
viz-a-viz the fundamental human rights in Nigeria, especially the
right not to be prosecuted under a non-existing law. It ultimately
reveals the illegalities in prosecuting Twitter Users in courts in
Nigeria. In this work, the words/terms; “Lawful Violation” and
“Lawfully Violate” are used contextually to refer to rights that
can be lawfully suspended, derogated and challenged by government,
not minding their grammatical propriety.

Nigerian Human Rights:

There are fundamental human rights in Nigeria and there are
contained in the Constitution of Nigeria. The rights are for
persons in Nigeria, including businesses, enterprises and corporate
bodies. Learn more on this via; “Twitter
vs. Nigeria; The Human Rights of Twitter Inc. and the Twitter
Users”[1].
Fundamental human rights are basic, elementary, mandatory,
compulsory and unshakable entitlements of persons. Fundamental
human rights are never purchased rather they are inborn and inbuilt
on every person (human being or corporate
being). List of
Fundamental Human Rights In Nigeria.[2]

The fundamental human rights contained in the constitution of
Nigeria are: Right to Life, Right to Dignity of Human Person, Right
to Personal Liberty, Right to Fair Hearing, Right to Private and
Family Life, Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion,
Right to Freedom of Expression and the Press, Rights to Peaceful
Assembly and Association, Right to Freedom of Movement, Right to
Freedom from Discrimination and then, Right to Acquire and Own
Immovable Property anywhere in Nigeria.

Fundamental human rights are sacred, however, some of them can
be suspended, limited, derogated and “lawfully violated” by
government in Nigeria, without any liabilities. You may read & comment now
on this issue, via “Government Can Lawfully Violate Human Rights: The Case of
Twitter vs. Nigeria[3]”. It is
also important to note that a few of the fundamental human rights
are absolute, untouchable and unchallengeable by any person or
government. The absolute human rights are only about three; learn
more on this via; “Human
Rights That Are Truly Absolute And Untouchable In
Nigeria”.[4]

Human Rights of Offenders & Suspected
Offenders:

In Nigeria nothing is a crime, unless there is a written federal
or state law that declares the thing (action or inaction) to be a
crime. A common example is adultery. There is no general law in
Nigeria that makes adultery a crime, however, in some states in the
Northern part of Nigeria, adultery is a crime. You may read & comment now on
this issue via; “Adultery
Is Not An Offence In All States In Nigeria[5]”. 

Laws are made by the federal or state Legislature and not by the
Executive or Judiciary. The Executive is to only implement laws,
while the Judiciary interprets law. In some cases, to avoid delay
(administrative convenience), the Legislature may delegate some
powers in writing to the Executive, for the Executive to make some
regulations (as subsidiary legislations to the main/parent laws
made by the Legislature). This allows the President of Nigeria to
rely on a federal law to make Regulations.

Every offender or suspected offender has fundamental human
rights, like every other person in Nigeria. Even a man on a death
row has human rights and must be respected. A suspect that is
arrested for using Twitter has fundamental human rights, including
the right to fair hearing. Under the right to fair hearing is the
right not-to-be prosecuted or found guilty of a non-existing
offence.

Human Rights of Suspected Twitter
Users:

Millions of Nigerians have been using Twitter in Nigeria until
the Federal Government of Nigeria banned Twitter on 5 June 2021.
Following the ban on Twitter, and the continued use of Twitter by
Nigerians, the Federal Government of Nigeria threatened to
prosecute all Twitter Users. So, the focus here is on the human
rights of any suspected Twitter User in Nigeria and this will
ultimately reveal whether Twitter Users can be prosecuted in courts
in Nigeria.

To prosecute a suspect in Nigeria, the prosecution must prove
that the suspect has violated a written criminal law. At the time
that Twitter was banned in Nigeria till date, there is no state or
federal law that criminalizes the use of Twitter or any social
media platform in any part of Nigeria. Also, the President of
Nigeria has not signed any Regulation criminalizing the use of
Twitter. As such, there is no legal basis for any person in Nigeria
to be investigated, arrested or charged to any court for using
Twitter.

By the working of the few absolute fundamental human rights,
specifically; “Right not to be held guilty of a non-existing
offence”, no person in Nigeria can be prosecuted for using the
banned twitter or any social media platform. There is no written
law that prohibits Twitter in any part of Nigeria, so there is no
legal authority for the arrest and prosecution of persons using
Twitter in Nigeria. Whether the ban on Twitter is lawful or not,
there is no single law that prohibits persons in Nigeria from using
Twitter or any other social media platform. So, there is no law for
criminal charges on use of Twitter to be prepared and issued
against any person in Nigeria. Criminal laws are not made by mere
executive television messages of the President of Nigeria or the
Attorney General of Nigeria.

Although the Federal Government of Nigeria can lawfully suspend
Twitter through a federal law (if the law is democratic and
reasonably justifiable in the interest of defence, public good,
public health or public safety), presently, there is no such law
yet. Also, there is no law criminalizing the use of Twitter in any
part of Nigeria.

Conclusion: 

Although the President of Nigeria is the Chief Executive Officer
of Nigeria, he is bound by the Constitution of Nigeria. The
President of Nigeria and his appointees (including the Attorney
General of Federation) are by the Constitution of Nigeria
prohibited from investigating, arresting and prosecuting any person
in Nigeria for an offence that does not exists. The President and
his appointees have not convinced the Legislature to enact a law
criminalizing the use of Twitter in Nigeria. Until there is such
law, no person can be lawfully arrested and prosecuted for using
Twitter in Nigeria.

In the present state of lawlessness and executive impunity in
Nigeria, it is not impossible for Twitter Users to be arrested and
charged to court for no offence. It will also not be strange to
find lawyers and prosecutors, arguing for the guilt of Twitter
Users under no known law in a court of law. The processes of such
shameful arguments may fetch suspected Twitter Users some weeks, if
not months, in the overcrowded Correctional Facilities in Nigeria.
Such suspected Twitter Users can stay for years on the notorious
Awaiting-Trial Lists of Correctional Centers, until death or
political mercy comes. So, although, it is legally wrong for any
person to be prosecuted for using Twitter since there is no law
against the use of Twitter, it is not impossible to find
unscrupulous prosecutors that may seek to prosecute Twitter Users
for a non-existing offence.

My authorities, are:

  1. Sections 14, 20, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
    44, 45, 305, 318 and 319 of the Constitution of the Federal
    Republic of Nigeria, 1999.
  2. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration for Human Rights.
  3. Sections 6, 7, 8 and 22 of the National Human Rights Commission
    (Amendment) Act 2010 and Sections 1, 2, 5 and 6, the National Human
    Rights Commission (Amendment) Act 1995.
  4. Sections 387 and 388 of the Penal Code Act, 1960
  5. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on meaning and
    nature of fundamental human rights) in the case of RANSOME-KUTI &
    ORS v. AG FEDERATION & ORS (1985) LPELR-2940(SC)
  6. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on meaning and
    nature of fundamental human rights) in the case of AGBAI & ORS v.
    OKOGBUE (1991) LPELR-225(SC).
  7. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria (on when and why
    fundamental human rights can be restricted/suspended) in the case
    of DOKUBO-ASARI v. FRN (2007) LPELR-958(SC).
  8. The Supreme Court judgment on “Meaning of Regulation” in the
    case of AG LAGOS STATE v. EKO HOTELS LTD & ANOR (2006)
    LPELR-3161(SC)
  9. The Court of Appeal judgment on “Meaning of Executive
    Order/Regulation” in the case of ELEPHANT GROUP PLC v. NATIONAL
    SECURITY ADVISER & ANOR (2018) LPELR-45528(CA)
  10. The Supreme Court judgment on “Policy Documents/Guidance” in
    the case of COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF CUSTOMS & ORS v. COMPTROLLER
    ABDULLAHI B. GUSAU (2017) LPELR-42081(SC).
  11. The Supreme Court judgment on “Policy Documents/Guidance” in
    the case of UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC & ANOR. v. IFEOLUWA NIG.
    ENTERPRISES LTD (2007) 7 NWLR (Pt.1032) 71 at 84.
  12. Nimi Princewill and Stephanie Busari, “Nigeria bans Twitter
    after company deletes President Buhari’s tweet” (CNN, 5 June 2021)
    <https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/04/africa/nigeria-suspends-twitter-operations-intl/index.html[6]> accessed 7 June
    2021
  13. Adeyemi Adepetun, Sunday Aikulola, Silver Nwokoro, Nkechi
    Onyedika-Ugoeze and Nnamdi Akpa, “Adeboye, Kumuyi defend Twitter
    use as envoys again reject ban” (The Guardian, 8 June 2021)
    <https://guardian.ng/news/adeboye-kumuyi-defend-twitter-use-as-envoys-again-reject-ban/[7]> accessed 8 June
    2021
  14. BBC, “Nigeria’s Twitter ban: Government orders prosecution of
    violators” (BBC, 6 June 2021) <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57368535[8]> accessed 8 June
    2021
  15. Alfred Olufemi, “After Twitter, Facebook deletes Buhari’s
    controversial ‘civil war’ post” (PremiumTimes, 4 June 2021)
    <https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/465653-just-in-after-twitter-facebook-deletes-buharis-controversial-civil-war-post.html[9]> accessed 8 June
    2021
  16. Anietie Ewang, “Nigeria’s Twitter Ban Follows Pattern of
    Repression” (Human Rights Watch, 7 June 2021) <https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/07/nigerias-twitter-ban-follows-pattern-repression[10]> accessed 8 June
    2021
  17. Onyekachi Umah, “Twitter vs. Nigeria; The Human Rights of
    Twitter Inc. and the Twitter Users” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[11], 8 June 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/twitter-vs-nigeria-the-human-rights-of-twitter-inc-and-the-twitter-users/[12]> accessed 9 June
    2021.
  18. Onyekachi Umah, “Scarcity of Passport and the Government’s
    Violation of the Right of Movement” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[13], 1 June 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/scarcity-of-passport-and-the-governments-violation-of-the-right-of-movement/[14]> accessed 8 June
    2021
  19. Onyekachi Umah, “An Alternative to Courts for Human Rights
    Cases” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[15], 14 May 2021)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/an-alternative-to-courts-for-human-rights-cases/[16]> accessed 23 May
    2021.
  20. Onyekachi Umah, “Details of State Offices of National Human
    Rights Commission” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[17], 27 October 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/details-of-state-offices-of-national-human-rights-commission/[18]> accessed 14 May
    2021
  21. Onyekachi Umah, “Human Rights That Can Never Be Restricted Even
    In War, Pandemic or State of Emergency” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[19], 2 April 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/human-rights-that-can-never-be-restricted-even-in-war-pandemic-or-state-of-emergency-daily-law-tips-tip-539-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[20]> accessed 23 May
    2021
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  24. Onyekachi Umah, “Warrant of Arrest: Contents and Issuance”
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  25. Onyekachi Umah, “12 Situations Where Police Officers Can Arrest
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  26. Onyekachi Umah, “Stripping Suspects Naked is Torture and it’s a
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  27. Onyekachi Umah, “Can Police Punish Unlawful Protesters?”
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  28. Onyekachi Umah, “When Can A Protest Become A Riot?” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[33], 6 November 2020)
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  29. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndSarsNow: Punishment For Police (SARS)
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  30. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndSarsNow: Nigeria Police Lacks Power To
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  31. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndPoliceBrutality: How To Sue the Nigeria
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  33. Onyekachi Umah, “Who Can Be Lawfully Killed In Nigeria?”
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  34. Femi Falana, “Police Permit Not Required For Rallies in
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  35. Onyekachi Umah, “Can A Person With A Nigerian Flag Be Shot Or
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  36. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndPoliceBrutality: When & How Can Government
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  37. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndPoliceBrutality: The Right To Protest Is A
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  38. Onyekachi Umah, “#EndPoliceBrutality: Do You Need A Police
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  39. Onyekachi Umah, “Does The President/Governors Have Powers To
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  40. Onyekachi Umah, “Duty of Government to Pay Compensation for
    Damages Caused By Riot.” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[55], 4 November 2020)
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  41. Onyekachi Umah, “Who Pays For Properties Damaged or Lost In A
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  42. Onyekachi Umah, “List of Fundamental Human Rights In Nigeria.”
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  43. Chris Admin, “Onyekachi Umah Speaks To ChannelsTv On SARS & The
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  44. Onyekachi Umah, “What Is The Punishment For Any Person
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  45. Onyekachi Umah, “Is Obeying “Orders From Above” a Defence for
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  46. Onyekachi Umah, “Being Present During Torture Without
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  47. Onyekachi Umah, “New Punishment for Security Officers Involved
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  49. Onyekachi Umah, “Any Security Agency’s Manual/Protocol that
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    Officers are Liable.” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[73], 11 September 2019)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/any-security-agency-s-manual-protocol-that-allows-torture-even-for-national-security-cases-is-unlawful-and-its-officers-are-liable-daily-law-tips-tip-412-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[74]> accessed 23 May
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  53. Onyekachi Umah, “Stripping Suspects Naked is Torture and it’s a
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  59. Onyekachi Umah, “Abandonment Of Wife/Husband, Children Or
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  60. Onyekachi Umah, “How Lagos State Is Legislatively Ahead Of
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  63. Onyekachi Umah, “Forcing Wife to Stop Work is Now A Crime”
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  65. Onyekachi Umah, “Seizing or Destroying the Property of a Spouse
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  66. Onyekachi Umah, “Hiding/Concealing Domestic Violence Is A
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  68. Onyekachi Umah, “Why Lagos State Needs A VAPP/SGBV Law”
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  70. Onyekachi Umah, “An Access To Criminal Laws In Nigeria”
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  71. Onyekachi Umah, “8 New Things About Rape Laws In Nigeria”
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  79. Onyekachi Umah, “Ages At Which Sexual Intercourse With Consent
    Will Amount To Rape” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[132], 20 February 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/ages-at-which-sexual-intercourse-with-consent-will-amount-to-rape-daily-law-tips-tip-509-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[133]> accessed 20 April
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  80. Onyekachi Umah, “How To Prove Rape In Nigeria).” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[134], 2 July 2019)
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  81. Onyekachi Umah, “Can a Married Woman Inherit Her Parents’
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  82. Onyekachi Umah, “Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting/Elongation,
    Breasts Ironing And Forced Marriage Are Now Criminal Offences In
    Nigeria” (Daily Law Tips [443]) <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/female-genital-mutilation-cutting-elongation-breasts-ironing-and-forced-marriage-are-now-criminal-offences-in-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-443-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarb-uk/[138] > accessed 20 April
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  83. Onyekachi Umah, “Harmful Widowhood Practices (Traditions) Are
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  84. Onyekachi Umah, “Forceful Isolation/Separation Of Family
    Members/Friends Is Now An Offence In Nigeria” (Daily Law Tips
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  85. Onyekachi Umah, “Abolished Anti-Women Custom of Onitsha People
    of Anambra State, Nigeria” (LearnNigerianLaws, 10 March 2020)
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  86. Onyekachi Umah, “Citizen By Marriage Is Discriminatory and
    Against Nigerian Women”, (LearnNigerianLaws.com[142], 14 September 2020)
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  87. Onyekachi Umah, “Abolished Anti-Women Custom of Yoruba People
    of Nigeria”, (LearnNigerianLaws.com[144], 11 March 2020)
    <https://learnnigerianlaws.com/abolished-anti-women-custom-of-yoruba-people-of-nigeria-daily-law-tips-tip-523-by-onyekachi-umah-esq-llm-aciarbuk/[145] > accessed 20 April
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  88. Onyekachi Umah, “Can a Married Woman Inherit Her Parents
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  89. Onyekachi Umah, “Approval For Marriage Of Female Officers/Staff
    Is Unconstitutional and Discriminatory”, (LearnNigerianLaws.com[148], 23 September 2020)
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  90. Onyekachi Umah, “It Is An Offence To Chase Out Wife/Husband
    From A Home Or Even Attempt To Do So” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[150], 17 May 2019)
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  91. Onyekachi Umah, “Examining Brutalization of House Helps in
    Nigeria. (An Exposé on Anti-Cruel Labour Laws in Nigeria)” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[152], 3 August 2020)
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  92. Onyekachi Umah, “11 States That Do Not Protect Children In
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  93. Onyekachi Umah, “Government Can Lawfully Violate Human Rights:
    The Case of Twitter vs. Nigeria” (LearnNigerianLaws.com, 9 June
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    And Untouchable In Nigeria” (LearnNigerianLaws.com, 10 June 2021)
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  95. Onyekachi Umah, “Adultery Is Not An Offence In
    All States In Nigeria” (LearnNigerianLaws.com[158], 19 October 2018)
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    2021.
  96. Dennis Erezi, “Twitter ban: Nigeria’s attorney
    general to prosecute offenders” (TheGuardian, 5 June 2021)
    <    https://guardian.ng/news/twitter-ban-nigerias-attorney-general-to-prosecute-offenders/[160]> accessed
    11 June 2021

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