[Full Text Of Valedictory Session] Supreme Court Precedents That No Longer Make Sense, Must Be Laid To Rest — Justice Rhodes-Vivour

A retired Justice of the Supreme Court, Olabode Rhodes-Vivour,
on Monday, maintained that many previous decisions of the apex
court should be laid to rest and never followed.

Speaking at a valedictory court session held in his honour at
the supreme court complex, Abuja, Rhodes-Vivour said some of the
precedents should no longer be followed.

“The supreme court has held on several occasions that it is
absolutely bound by the doctrine of precedent or stare decisis,” he
said on Monday.

“That in effect means: stand by your decisions and the decisions
of your predecessors, however wrong they are and whatever injustice
they inflict.

“There are some precedents that are clearly out of date, and
should no longer be followed. I am of the view that precedents that
no longer make sense anymore or are outdated should be laid to rest
and never followed.”

Addressing the issue of corruption in the nation, the jurist
said: “Corruption exists in all the countries of the earth. Nigeria
is no exception.

Below reads the full text

SPEECH DELIVERED ON 22 MARCH 2021 BY HON. MR.
JUSTICE OLABODE RHODES VIVOUR JSC, CFR, LIFE BENCHER AT THE
VALEDICTORY COURT SESSION HELD IN HIS HONOUR AT THE SUPREME COURT
OF NIGERIA, ABUJA.

PROTOCOLS

Today, 22 March 2021 is to me the greatest, most fulfilling day
in my life. It is indeed marvellous in my sight.

I was admitted to read law at the University of Lagos in 1971. I
graduated LLB Hons second class lower Division in 1974. I was
called to the Bar in 1975 and joined the Ministry of Justice as a
State Counsel after participating in the National Youth Service
Corp. In the Ministry of Justice I was at one time Director of
Legislative Drafting. Most of my stay in the Ministry was spent
prosecuting High Crimes. I ended up as Director of Public
Prosecutions a post I held for four years.

I spent eighteen years in the Ministry and eleven years as a
High Court Judge, five years as a Court of Appeal Judge and eleven
years as a Supreme Court Justice. I have a testimony, not once was
I ever absent from work as a judge due to illness. I did have
health challenges, but they were resolved during vacation. All
medical procedures were uneventful. It is with humility that I have
and will continue to give thanks praise and glory to the Almighty
God. The Lord has been good to me, and I will forever be
thankful.

I was born on 22 March, 1951. My birth certificate attests to
that fact. My parents were the Hon Justice (Chief) Akinwumi R.W.
Rhodes-Vivour and Mrs. Majorie Rhodes-Vivour. My great uncle i.e.
my father’s uncle was Hon. Justice Bankole Rhodes. He lived at No
38 Igbosere Road, where the Lagos City Hall stands today. He was
called to the English Bar in 1923. Those called to the Bar with him
were Justice Olumuyiwa Jibowu, and Sir Adeyemo Alakija. Justice
Olumuyiwa Jibowu was the first Nigeria Judge. He was appointed
judge on 1 September 1944. Justice Bankole Rhodes was the second
Nigeria Judge. He was appointed Judge on 8 November 1945, while
Justice Adetokunboh Ademola who later became the first indigenous
Chief Justice of Nigeria was appointed Judge on 22 April 1949. My
great uncle’s daughter Gloria Jackman nee Rhodes was the first
female Chief Registrar of this Supreme Court and she was called to
the Bar in 1953. Justice Bankole Rhodes was a Judge of the Federal
Supreme Court and the West African Court of Appeal. My father on
the other hand was called to the Bar in 1946. His colleagues, and
those who were called to the Bar around that time were Chief
Obafemi Awolowo, Chief Fani Kayode, Justice C. Idigbe, Justice
Atanda Fatayi-Williams.

I grew up in the Western Region of Nigeria. My father was a
Chief Magistrate in Ibadan, Akure, Warri and Sapele. In 1963 he was
appointed a Judge on the Creation of the Midwest Region, present
day Delta and Edo States. He was transferred frequently, as a
Magistrate so I ended up attending several primary schools in
different towns in the South West. I attended Maryland Primary
School in Ikeja. At that time Ikeja was part of western Region. The
other schools I attended were St. Mathias Primary School and Ibadan
District Council School Oke Ado, Ibadan. I was in primary two then
when Chief Ladi Williams SAN and my elder brother were in the final
year. I concluded my primary education and was admitted to St.
Gregory’s College Lagos. At St. Gregory’s I distinguished myself in
sports, Cricket, and Athletics, the 100 metres Hurdles. I did so
well in the Hurdles event with little or no training. I ended up
representing Lagos at the Hussey Shield. That was in 1970. This was
a competition where the best athletes (Secondary School)
participated. I came second to Aboyade Cole of Hussey College
Warri. He beat me simply because he was taller than me. He had
longer legs.

I did the West Africa School Certificate Exams in 1968 and the
Higher School Certificate in 1970, and went on to read law at the
University of Lagos in 1971. Secondary School was great fun. I was
in the Boarding house. The usual pranks of teenagers was very much
around, breaking bounds etc. Some of my colleagues in Secondary
School were, Mr. Steve Oronsaye who became Head of Service of the
Federation, Dr. John Abebe who was one time President of the Old
Boys Association, Mr. Ken Oboh a businessman, Mr. Patrick Solomon,
an Engineer, Mr Y. Njie, and Mr. P. Okoh both Oil Executives. For
the Higher School Course St, Gregory’s College had girls for the
frist time in 1969. In that class with me were Ms Chibututu and C.
Obiyan, both lawyers. Lola Alakija, a former Broadcaster with the
NTA, to mention a few. At the University of Lagos the Dean of Law
was Professor Elias who later became the second Chief Justice of
Nigeria. Professor A.B. Kasumu SAN. He taught evidence. Professor
Jadesola Akande and Dr Nylander SAN; they taught Tort. Professor
Jegede SAN – Equity and Trust. Professor Omotola SAN – land law.
The years went fast, I became a law graduate in 1974. Then on to
the law School I graduated in 1975. Those called to the Bar in 1975
with me were Hon. Justices M. Owoade, Tinuke Akomolafe-Wilson, Ekpe
all of the Court of Appeal, Hon. Justice Adebisi Ogunmekan of the
High Court of Lagos State. Mrs. Funke Adekoya, SAN and Mr Chidi
llogu SAN. Since 1976 after completing the National Youth Service
Corps it has been a long journey in the legal profession. It ends
today as I retire as a Justice of the Supreme Court.

I intend to comment on some issues in the law and related
matters.

1. CORRUPTION:
Genesis 6:12 reads: “And God looked upon the earth, and behold, it
was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the
earth.”
Corruption exists in all the countries of the earth. Nigeria is no
exception. What should be done is to reduce it drastically thereby
making our dear country an exception by building credible and
transparent systems.

2. ELECTIONS.
Elections in Nigeria are protracted. The stakes are too high.
Conseguently most elections are usually resolved by the Courts,
simply because most politicians are never satisfied with the
results announced by the Regulatory body charged with the conduct
of Elections (INEC). In Udom v Umana (No1) (2016) 12 NWLR (Pt.1526)
p. 179 this is what I has to say:
“A careful reading and understanding of decided authorities show
that a petitioner has an uphill task proving his petition in
accordance with the Electoral Act. The Petitioner is always saddled
with difficult requirements and procedures…. It is suggested by me
that the Electoral Act should be amended to shift the burden of
proof to INEC to prove that it conducted a fair and reasonable
election.”

3. NATIONAL SECURITY
In Dokubo-Asari v FRN (2006) IINWLR (Pt.991) p.324. As a Judge of
the Court of Appeal I said that: “Where National Security is
threatened or there is the real likelihood of it being threatened
Human Rights or the individual rights must be suspended until the
National security can be protected or well taken care of.” National
security must be visibly threatened before anyone is denied his
rights. No one should be denied his rights on the whims and fancy
of anyone in authority.

THE DOCTRINE OF PRECEDENT The Supreme Court has
held on several occasions that it is absolutely bound by the
doctrine of
Precedent or stare decisis. That in effect means: “Stand by your
decisions and the decisions of your predecessors, however wrong
they are and whatever injustice they inflict.”
There are some precedents that are clearly out of date, and should
no longer be followed. I am of the view that Precedents that no
longer make sense anymore or are out dated should be laid to rest
and never followed.

LIMITATION LAW: In JES Investment Ltd v Brawal
Lere Ltd & ors (2010) 18 NWLR (Pt.1225) p.495. On the need for
reform of Limitation Laws I said that:
“There has been no reform of Limitation Laws in Nigeria. The
general Limitation periods for some actions are too short. Judges
should be conferred with discretion to extend Limitation periods
when it is just and equitable to do so. Actions that readily come
to mind are sexual abuse cases. The victims are usually too
traumatized, under intolerable pressure, grief stricken and
depressed for long periods. Consequently, when they eventually
regain their composure, it is too late to file action in court,
because of the short limitation periods provided by the law. This
also applies to personal injury cases. Injuries that occur in a
factory. The victim is usually a poor factory worker drawn into
endless negotiation by a boss much aware of the Limitation period.
Time to file action runs out, when the poor factory worker realizes
he has been taken for a ride. He has a cause of action but sadly
one that cannot be enforced.
To my mind reforms are required with an urgency that makes delay an
accessory. We should reform our Limitation Laws as has been done in
the United Kingdom (UK).

INHERITANCE
Numbers 27:7 reads:
“The daughters of Zelophehad speak right. Thou shall surely give
them a possession of an inheritance among their fathers brethren;
and shalt cause the inheritance of their father to pass unto
them.”
And Job 42:15 says that:
“And in all the land were no woman found so fair as the daughters
of Job and their father gave them inheritance among their
brethren.” The above informed my reasoning in Ukeje v Ukeje (2014)
11NWLR (Pt.1418) p.384. Where I held that a customary law which
disentitles a female child from partaking in her deceased fathers
estate is in breach of section 42 (1) and (2) of the Constitution,
a fundamental rights provision guaranteed to every Nigeria. The
said Customary Law is void as it conflicts with section 42 (1) and
(20 of the Constitution. Female children are entitled to an
inheritance.

GOVERNORS IN BREACH OF ELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT
TENURES.
In Eze & 147 ors v Gov Abia State & 2 ors (2014) 5-7SC (Pt.1)
p.171. On Section 7(1) of the Constitution I said that: “On a
careful reading of the above it becomes clear that it is the duty
of the Governors to ensure that the system of Local Government
continues unhindered. Dissolving Local Government Councils and
replacing them with caretaker committees amounts to the Governor
acting on his whims and fancies unknown to our laws, clearly
illegal. It is the duty of the Governor to ensure their existence
rather than being responsible for destroying them. It amounts to
executive recklessness for the Governor to remove from Office
democratically elected chairmen and councillors under whatever
guise. It is illegal and wrong.”

CONVICTS.
I am of the view that certain convicts should be allowed to serve
their prison terms only after their appeals are exhausted. The
reason being that some convicts serve several years in prison
before their appeals are heard and decided. Their appeal may be
found to be meritorious. They are then released. No compensation
paid for the time spent in prison.

My wife Mrs Adedoyin Rhodes-Vivour SAN has indeed been extremely
supportive and a Pillar in my life, always wanting to see me excel.
As I retire now, I shall spend more time with her at home in Lagos.
My children, now, all well over thirty years have also been very
supportive. I wish them the very best in their chosen careers. The
Supreme Court as presently constituted consists of the finest,
knowledgeable and well informed Judges that any country would be
proud of. I consider myself very privileged to have worked with
them. All that I can say to the public is, always respect their
judgments. They are very well researched.

Now, to my Staff, my very reliable secretary Ms. Adebowale
Oguntuga, my research assistant Bar Hadiza Bamaiyi, my supporting
staff, Danjuma Onu, Temitope Akanni, Kehinde Lawal, my orderly
Sanusi Giade and my drivers Adebayo Amidu, Filibus Ishaya I thank
you all. Without you all it would have been impossible to function
properly. Ensure that you perform at your best ability when you
work with any other Judge. I say a very big thank you to the
Secretaries of the Justices of this court who were kind enough to
present me with a very nice painting of myself. I also thank all
staff of this great court for their support. I conclude by
referring to chapter 3 of Ecclesiastes:

“To everything there is a season, and a time to
every purpose under heaven. A time to be born and a time to
die….
– A time to weep and a time to laugh.
A time to mourn and a time to dance”. And I say a Time to be
appointed a judge and a
time to retire May the Lord Bless you all.

A retired Justice of the Supreme Court, Olabode Rhodes-Vivour,
on Monday, maintained that many previous decisions of the apex
court should be laid to rest and never followed.

Speaking at a valedictory court session held in his honour at
the supreme court complex, Abuja, Rhodes-Vivour said some of the
precedents should no longer be followed.

“The supreme court has held on several occasions that it is
absolutely bound by the doctrine of precedent or stare decisis,” he
said on Monday.

“That in effect means: stand by your decisions and the decisions
of your predecessors, however wrong they are and whatever injustice
they inflict.

“There are some precedents that are clearly out of date, and
should no longer be followed. I am of the view that precedents that
no longer make sense anymore or are outdated should be laid to rest
and never followed.”

Addressing the issue of corruption in the nation, the jurist
said: “Corruption exists in all the countries of the earth. Nigeria
is no exception.

Below reads the full text

SPEECH DELIVERED ON 22 MARCH 2021 BY HON. MR.
JUSTICE OLABODE RHODES VIVOUR JSC, CFR, LIFE BENCHER AT THE
VALEDICTORY COURT SESSION HELD IN HIS HONOUR AT THE SUPREME COURT
OF NIGERIA, ABUJA.

PROTOCOLS

Today, 22 March 2021 is to me the greatest, most fulfilling day
in my life. It is indeed marvellous in my sight.

I was admitted to read law at the University of Lagos in 1971. I
graduated LLB Hons second class lower Division in 1974. I was
called to the Bar in 1975 and joined the Ministry of Justice as a
State Counsel after participating in the National Youth Service
Corp. In the Ministry of Justice I was at one time Director of
Legislative Drafting. Most of my stay in the Ministry was spent
prosecuting High Crimes. I ended up as Director of Public
Prosecutions a post I held for four years.

I spent eighteen years in the Ministry and eleven years as a
High Court Judge, five years as a Court of Appeal Judge and eleven
years as a Supreme Court Justice. I have a testimony, not once was
I ever absent from work as a judge due to illness. I did have
health challenges, but they were resolved during vacation. All
medical procedures were uneventful. It is with humility that I have
and will continue to give thanks praise and glory to the Almighty
God. The Lord has been good to me, and I will forever be
thankful.

I was born on 22 March, 1951. My birth certificate attests to
that fact. My parents were the Hon Justice (Chief) Akinwumi R.W.
Rhodes-Vivour and Mrs. Majorie Rhodes-Vivour. My great uncle i.e.
my father’s uncle was Hon. Justice Bankole Rhodes. He lived at No
38 Igbosere Road, where the Lagos City Hall stands today. He was
called to the English Bar in 1923. Those called to the Bar with him
were Justice Olumuyiwa Jibowu, and Sir Adeyemo Alakija. Justice
Olumuyiwa Jibowu was the first Nigeria Judge. He was appointed
judge on 1 September 1944. Justice Bankole Rhodes was the second
Nigeria Judge. He was appointed Judge on 8 November 1945, while
Justice Adetokunboh Ademola who later became the first indigenous
Chief Justice of Nigeria was appointed Judge on 22 April 1949. My
great uncle’s daughter Gloria Jackman nee Rhodes was the first
female Chief Registrar of this Supreme Court and she was called to
the Bar in 1953. Justice Bankole Rhodes was a Judge of the Federal
Supreme Court and the West African Court of Appeal. My father on
the other hand was called to the Bar in 1946. His colleagues, and
those who were called to the Bar around that time were Chief
Obafemi Awolowo, Chief Fani Kayode, Justice C. Idigbe, Justice
Atanda Fatayi-Williams.

I grew up in the Western Region of Nigeria. My father was a
Chief Magistrate in Ibadan, Akure, Warri and Sapele. In 1963 he was
appointed a Judge on the Creation of the Midwest Region, present
day Delta and Edo States. He was transferred frequently, as a
Magistrate so I ended up attending several primary schools in
different towns in the South West. I attended Maryland Primary
School in Ikeja. At that time Ikeja was part of western Region. The
other schools I attended were St. Mathias Primary School and Ibadan
District Council School Oke Ado, Ibadan. I was in primary two then
when Chief Ladi Williams SAN and my elder brother were in the final
year. I concluded my primary education and was admitted to St.
Gregory’s College Lagos. At St. Gregory’s I distinguished myself in
sports, Cricket, and Athletics, the 100 metres Hurdles. I did so
well in the Hurdles event with little or no training. I ended up
representing Lagos at the Hussey Shield. That was in 1970. This was
a competition where the best athletes (Secondary School)
participated. I came second to Aboyade Cole of Hussey College
Warri. He beat me simply because he was taller than me. He had
longer legs.

I did the West Africa School Certificate Exams in 1968 and the
Higher School Certificate in 1970, and went on to read law at the
University of Lagos in 1971. Secondary School was great fun. I was
in the Boarding house. The usual pranks of teenagers was very much
around, breaking bounds etc. Some of my colleagues in Secondary
School were, Mr. Steve Oronsaye who became Head of Service of the
Federation, Dr. John Abebe who was one time President of the Old
Boys Association, Mr. Ken Oboh a businessman, Mr. Patrick Solomon,
an Engineer, Mr Y. Njie, and Mr. P. Okoh both Oil Executives. For
the Higher School Course St, Gregory’s College had girls for the
frist time in 1969. In that class with me were Ms Chibututu and C.
Obiyan, both lawyers. Lola Alakija, a former Broadcaster with the
NTA, to mention a few. At the University of Lagos the Dean of Law
was Professor Elias who later became the second Chief Justice of
Nigeria. Professor A.B. Kasumu SAN. He taught evidence. Professor
Jadesola Akande and Dr Nylander SAN; they taught Tort. Professor
Jegede SAN – Equity and Trust. Professor Omotola SAN – land law.
The years went fast, I became a law graduate in 1974. Then on to
the law School I graduated in 1975. Those called to the Bar in 1975
with me were Hon. Justices M. Owoade, Tinuke Akomolafe-Wilson, Ekpe
all of the Court of Appeal, Hon. Justice Adebisi Ogunmekan of the
High Court of Lagos State. Mrs. Funke Adekoya, SAN and Mr Chidi
llogu SAN. Since 1976 after completing the National Youth Service
Corps it has been a long journey in the legal profession. It ends
today as I retire as a Justice of the Supreme Court.

I intend to comment on some issues in the law and related
matters.

1. CORRUPTION:
Genesis 6:12 reads: “And God looked upon the earth, and behold, it
was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the
earth.”
Corruption exists in all the countries of the earth. Nigeria is no
exception. What should be done is to reduce it drastically thereby
making our dear country an exception by building credible and
transparent systems.

2. ELECTIONS.
Elections in Nigeria are protracted. The stakes are too high.
Conseguently most elections are usually resolved by the Courts,
simply because most politicians are never satisfied with the
results announced by the Regulatory body charged with the conduct
of Elections (INEC). In Udom v Umana (No1) (2016) 12 NWLR (Pt.1526)
p. 179 this is what I has to say:
“A careful reading and understanding of decided authorities show
that a petitioner has an uphill task proving his petition in
accordance with the Electoral Act. The Petitioner is always saddled
with difficult requirements and procedures…. It is suggested by me
that the Electoral Act should be amended to shift the burden of
proof to INEC to prove that it conducted a fair and reasonable
election.”

3. NATIONAL SECURITY
In Dokubo-Asari v FRN (2006) IINWLR (Pt.991) p.324. As a Judge of
the Court of Appeal I said that: “Where National Security is
threatened or there is the real likelihood of it being threatened
Human Rights or the individual rights must be suspended until the
National security can be protected or well taken care of.” National
security must be visibly threatened before anyone is denied his
rights. No one should be denied his rights on the whims and fancy
of anyone in authority.

THE DOCTRINE OF PRECEDENT The Supreme Court has
held on several occasions that it is absolutely bound by the
doctrine of
Precedent or stare decisis. That in effect means: “Stand by your
decisions and the decisions of your predecessors, however wrong
they are and whatever injustice they inflict.”
There are some precedents that are clearly out of date, and should
no longer be followed. I am of the view that Precedents that no
longer make sense anymore or are out dated should be laid to rest
and never followed.

LIMITATION LAW: In JES Investment Ltd v Brawal
Lere Ltd & ors (2010) 18 NWLR (Pt.1225) p.495. On the need for
reform of Limitation Laws I said that:
“There has been no reform of Limitation Laws in Nigeria. The
general Limitation periods for some actions are too short. Judges
should be conferred with discretion to extend Limitation periods
when it is just and equitable to do so. Actions that readily come
to mind are sexual abuse cases. The victims are usually too
traumatized, under intolerable pressure, grief stricken and
depressed for long periods. Consequently, when they eventually
regain their composure, it is too late to file action in court,
because of the short limitation periods provided by the law. This
also applies to personal injury cases. Injuries that occur in a
factory. The victim is usually a poor factory worker drawn into
endless negotiation by a boss much aware of the Limitation period.
Time to file action runs out, when the poor factory worker realizes
he has been taken for a ride. He has a cause of action but sadly
one that cannot be enforced.
To my mind reforms are required with an urgency that makes delay an
accessory. We should reform our Limitation Laws as has been done in
the United Kingdom (UK).

INHERITANCE
Numbers 27:7 reads:
“The daughters of Zelophehad speak right. Thou shall surely give
them a possession of an inheritance among their fathers brethren;
and shalt cause the inheritance of their father to pass unto
them.”
And Job 42:15 says that:
“And in all the land were no woman found so fair as the daughters
of Job and their father gave them inheritance among their
brethren.” The above informed my reasoning in Ukeje v Ukeje (2014)
11NWLR (Pt.1418) p.384. Where I held that a customary law which
disentitles a female child from partaking in her deceased fathers
estate is in breach of section 42 (1) and (2) of the Constitution,
a fundamental rights provision guaranteed to every Nigeria. The
said Customary Law is void as it conflicts with section 42 (1) and
(20 of the Constitution. Female children are entitled to an
inheritance.

GOVERNORS IN BREACH OF ELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT
TENURES.
In Eze & 147 ors v Gov Abia State & 2 ors (2014) 5-7SC (Pt.1)
p.171. On Section 7(1) of the Constitution I said that: “On a
careful reading of the above it becomes clear that it is the duty
of the Governors to ensure that the system of Local Government
continues unhindered. Dissolving Local Government Councils and
replacing them with caretaker committees amounts to the Governor
acting on his whims and fancies unknown to our laws, clearly
illegal. It is the duty of the Governor to ensure their existence
rather than being responsible for destroying them. It amounts to
executive recklessness for the Governor to remove from Office
democratically elected chairmen and councillors under whatever
guise. It is illegal and wrong.”

CONVICTS.
I am of the view that certain convicts should be allowed to serve
their prison terms only after their appeals are exhausted. The
reason being that some convicts serve several years in prison
before their appeals are heard and decided. Their appeal may be
found to be meritorious. They are then released. No compensation
paid for the time spent in prison.

My wife Mrs Adedoyin Rhodes-Vivour SAN has indeed been extremely
supportive and a Pillar in my life, always wanting to see me excel.
As I retire now, I shall spend more time with her at home in Lagos.
My children, now, all well over thirty years have also been very
supportive. I wish them the very best in their chosen careers. The
Supreme Court as presently constituted consists of the finest,
knowledgeable and well informed Judges that any country would be
proud of. I consider myself very privileged to have worked with
them. All that I can say to the public is, always respect their
judgments. They are very well researched.

Now, to my Staff, my very reliable secretary Ms. Adebowale
Oguntuga, my research assistant Bar Hadiza Bamaiyi, my supporting
staff, Danjuma Onu, Temitope Akanni, Kehinde Lawal, my orderly
Sanusi Giade and my drivers Adebayo Amidu, Filibus Ishaya I thank
you all. Without you all it would have been impossible to function
properly. Ensure that you perform at your best ability when you
work with any other Judge. I say a very big thank you to the
Secretaries of the Justices of this court who were kind enough to
present me with a very nice painting of myself. I also thank all
staff of this great court for their support. I conclude by
referring to chapter 3 of Ecclesiastes:

“To everything there is a season, and a time to
every purpose under heaven. A time to be born and a time to
die….
– A time to weep and a time to laugh.
A time to mourn and a time to dance”. And I say a Time to be
appointed a judge and a
time to retire May the Lord Bless you all.